Method for tratment of non-rheumatoid arthritis

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed for the treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis by administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an sPLA 2 inhibitor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention is directed to a method for treating non-rheumatoid arthritis. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a method for treating the causes and/or the symptoms of various forms of non-rheumatoid arthritis in mammals by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an sPLA₂ inhibitor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] “Arthritis” is the name given to disease states encompassing many different conditions frequently having entirely different symptoms, causes, and known treatments. Although, the word “arthritis” means joint inflammation, it has come to encompass disorders that affect not only the joints but other connective tissue of the body including supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments as well as the protective coverings of internal organs. Some of the most commonly occurring forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, and gout. Some forms of inflammatory arthritis are characterized by lymphokine-mediated inflammation of the joints. The use of selected secretory phospholiase A2 (sPLA₂) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis is described in European Patent No. 0675110 (published Oct. 4, 1995) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326.

[0003] The most common form of non-rheumatoid arthritis is osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease which primarily affects cartilage that covers and cushions the ends of the bones causing it to fray, wear, ulcerate, and in extreme cases, to disappear entirely leaving a bone on bone joint. The disease can result in severe disability particularly in the weight bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. Osteoarthritis is distinguishable, for example, from rheumatoid arthritis in that osteoarthritis involves little or no inflammation and is confined to the joints and surrounding tissue where there is a breakdown or disintegration of cartilage and other tissue thereby making it difficult for the joints to operate properly. The occurrence of osteoarthritis frequently increases with advancing years.

[0004] Non-rheumatoid arthritis is often treated with acetaminophen and ibuprofen. In addition, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDSs) may be used to relieve pain by blocking the production of prostaglandins (e.g., choline magnesium salicylate, salicylsalicyclic acid). Corticosteroids such as methylprednisone, prednisone, and cortisone may be used to releive pain and swelling. Each of these known drug therapies has possible long-term disadvanges such as kidney or liver damage, heartburn, stomach upset, ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, mood swings, weight fain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness and lowered resistance to infection.

[0005] Accordingly, there is a substantial need for a novel effective, and easy to administer treatment for forms of arthritis which are non-inflammatory and/or non-rheumatoid such as the most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis, as well as the many other forms of the disease which occur. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a methodology for effectively treating non-rheumatoid arthritis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The method of this invention comprising administering to a mammal, including a human, having non-rheumatoid arthritis, a therapeutically effective amount of an sPLA₂ inhibitor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Definitions:

[0008] The term “non-rheumatoid arthritis” as used herein includes a wide variety of disease states limited to those listed as (1) thru (10) below and is intended to specifically exclude rheumatoid arthritis, or diseases whose major component is believed to be rheumatoid arthritis. The primary disease state to be defined by the term, “non-rheumatoid arthritis” is osteoarthritis. Types of Non-rheumatoid Arthritis

[0009] 1. Osteoarthritis

[0010] 2. Gout

[0011] 3. Spondylarthropathris

[0012] a. ankylosing spondylitis

[0013] b. Reiter's syndrome

[0014] c. Psoriatic arthropathy

[0015] d. Enterapathric spondylitis

[0016] e. Juvenile arthropathy or juvenile ankylosing spondylitis

[0017] f. Reactive arthropathy

[0018] 4. Infectious or post-infectious arthritis

[0019] a. Gonoccocal arthritis

[0020] b. Tuberculous arthritis

[0021] c. Viral arthritis

[0022] d. Fungal arthritis

[0023] e. Syphlitic arthritis

[0024] f. Lyme disease

[0025] 5. Arthritis associated with “vasculitic syndromes”

[0026] a. polyarteritis nodosa

[0027] b. hypersensitivity vasculitis

[0028] c. Luegenec's granulomatosis

[0029] d. polymyalgin rheumatica

[0030] e. joint cell arteritis

[0031] 6. Calcium crystal deposition arthropathies

[0032] a. pseudo gout

[0033] 7. Non-articular rheumatism

[0034] a. bursitis

[0035] b. tenosynomitis

[0036] c. epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

[0037] d. carpal tunnel syndrome

[0038] e. repetitive use injury (typing)

[0039] 8. Miscellaneous forms of arthritis

[0040] a. neuropathic joint disease (charco and joint)

[0041] b. hemarthrosis (hemarthrosic)

[0042] c. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

[0043] d. hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

[0044] e. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

[0045] 9. Arthritis associated with certain diseases

[0046] a. surcoilosis

[0047] b. hemochromatosis

[0048] c. sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathries

[0049] d. hyperlipo proteineimia

[0050] e. hypogammaglobulinemia

[0051] f. hyperparathyroidism

[0052] g. acromegaly

[0053] h familial Mediterranean fever

[0054] i. Behat's Disease

[0055] j. Systemic lupus erythrematosis

[0056] k. hemophilia

[0057] 10. Relapsing polychondritis

[0058] Definitions for 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compounds:

[0059] The term, “therapeutically effective amount” is a quantity of sPLA₂ inhibitor sufficient to significantly alleviate symptoms characteristic of non-rheumatoid arthritis in a mammal in need thereof.

[0060] Other Definitions:

[0061] The term, “mammal” includes humans.

[0062] The term, “parenteral” means not through the alimentary canal but by some other route such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, or intravenous.

[0063] The term, “active compound” means one or more sPLA₂ inhibitors used in the method of the invention.

[0064] I. sPLA₂ Inhibitors Useful in the Method of the Invention:

[0065] Secretary phospholipase A2 (sPLA₂) inhibitors in general are useful in the practice of the method of this invention. In particular, this invention teaches the use of mono- or poly-cyclic organic sPLA₂ inhibitors having a molecular weight from 150 to 700 for treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis. Preferably poly-cyclic organic sPLA₂ inhibitors having at least one heterocyclic nitrogen atom and having a molecular weight from 250 to 600 are used by the method taught herein for treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis.

[0066] Exemplary of classes of suitable sPLA₂ useful in the method of the invention for treatment of non-rheumatoid are the following:

[0067] 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamides

[0068] 1H-indole-3-hydrazides

[0069] 1H-indole-3-acetamides

[0070] 1H-indole-1-glyoxylamides

[0071] 1H-indole-1-hydrazides

[0072] 1H-indole-1-acetamides

[0073] indolizine-1-acetamides

[0074] indolizine-1-acetic acid hydrazides

[0075] indolizine-1-glyoxylamides

[0076] indene-1-acetamides

[0077] indene-1-acetic acid hydrazides

[0078] indene-1-glyoxylamides

[0079] carbazoles & tetrahydrocarbazoles

[0080] pyrazoles

[0081] phenyl glyoxamides

[0082] pyrroles

[0083] naphthyl glyoxamides

[0084] phenyl acetamides

[0085] naphthyl acetamides

[0086] Each of the above sPLA₂ inhibitor types is discussed in the following section wherein details of their molecular configuration are given with details of their preparation.

[0087] a) The 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide sPLA₂ inhibitors and method of making them are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Another method of making 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide sPLA₂ inhibitors is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,381, filed Jun. 26, 1998 and titled, “Process for Preparing 4-substituted 1-H-Indole-3-glyoxyamides” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,381 discloses the following process having steps (a) thru (i):

[0088] Preparing a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug derivative thereof

[0089] wherein:

[0090] R¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0091] where

[0092] R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl) and halo(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, and t is an integer from 0 to 5 both inclusive;

[0093] R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), aryl, aryloxy and HET;

[0094] R4 is selected from the group consisting of —CO₂H, —SO₃H and —P(O) (OH)₂ or salt and prodrug derivatives thereof; and

[0095] R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₂-C₆)alkyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo and aryl;

[0096] which process comprises the steps of:

[0097] a) halogenating a compound of formula X

[0098] where R⁸ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl or HET; with SO₂Cl₂ to form a compound of formula IX

[0099] b) hydrolyzing and decarboxylating a compound of formula IX

[0100]  to form a compound of formula VIII

[0101] c) alkylating a compound of formula VII

[0102]  with a compound of formula VIII

[0103]  to form a compound of formula VI

[0104] d) aminating and dehydrating a compound of formula VI

[0105]  with an amine of the formula R¹NH₂ in the presence of a solvent that forms and azeotrope with water to form a compound of formula V;

[0106] e) oxidizing a compound of formula V

[0107]  by refluxing in a polar hydrocarbon solvent having a boiling point of at least 150° C. and a dielectric constant of at least 10 in the presence of a catalyst to form a compound of formula IV

[0108] f) alkylating a compound of the formula IV

[0109]  with an alkylating agent of the formula XCH₂R^(4a) where X is a leaving group and R^(4a) is —CO₂R^(4b), —SO₃R^(4b), —P(O) (OR^(4b))₂, or —P(O) (OR^(4b))H, where R^(4b) is an acid protecting group to form a compound of formula III

[0110] g) reacting a compound of formula III

[0111]  with oxalyl chloride and ammonia to form a compound of formula II

[0112] h) optionally hydrolyzing a compound of formula II

[0113]  to form a compound of formula I; and

[0114] i) optionally salifying a compound of formula I

[0115] The synthesis methodology for making the 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide sPLA₂ inhibitor starting material may be by any suitable means available to one skilled in the chemical arts. However, such methodology is not part of the present invention which is a method of use, specifically, a method of treating mammal afflicted or susceptible to non-rheumatoid arthritis.

[0116] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of the compound represented by formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug derivative thereof;

[0117] wherein;

[0118] both X are oxygen;

[0119] R₁ is selected from the group consisting of

[0120]  where R₁₀ is a radical independently selected from halo, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), and C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl and t is a number from 0 to 5;

[0121] R₂ is selected from the group; halo, cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, and propyl;

[0122] R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))— is an acid linker; provided, the acid linker group, —(L_(a))—, for R₄ is selected from the group consisting of;

[0123]  and provided, the acid linker, —(L_(a))—, for R₅ is selected from group consisting of;

[0124]  wherein R₈₄ and R₈₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₁₀ alkaryl, C₁-C₁₀ aralkyl, carboxy, carbalkoxy, and halo; and

[0125] provided, that at least one of R₄ and R₅ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group) and wherein the (acidic group) on the group —(L_(a))-(acidic group) of R₄ or R₅ is selected from —CO₂H, —SO₃H, or —P(O) (OH)₂;

[0126] R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected form hydrogen and non-interfering substituents, with the non-interfering substituents being selected from the group consisting of the following: C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₇-C₁₂ aralkyl, C₇-C₁₂ alkaryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, biphenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkynyloxy, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyalkyloxy, C₂-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkylcarbonylamino, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyamino, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyaminocarbonyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₂-C₁₂ alkylthiocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, —C(O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)—O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), benzyloxy, phenoxy, phenylthio, —(CONHSO₂R), —CHO, amino, amidino, bromo, carbamyl, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₂H, chloro, cyano, cyanoguanidinyl, fluoro, guanidino, hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, hydroxy, hydroxyamino, iodo, nitro, phosphono, —SO₃H, thioacetal, thiocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ carbonyl; where n is from 1 to 8.

[0127] Preferred for practicing the method of the invention are 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compounds and all corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof which are useful in the method of the invention include the following:

[0128] (A) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0129] (B) dl-2-[[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]propanoic acid,

[0130] (C) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0131] (D) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0132] (E) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl3oxy]acetic acid,

[0133] (F) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid

[0134] (G) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[4(-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0135] (H) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-[(1-naphthalenyl)methyl]-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0136] (I) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0137] (J) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-ethyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0138] (K) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-ethyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0139] (L) [[3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-propyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0140] (M) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0141] (N) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-cyclopropyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid,

[0142] (O) 4-[[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]oxy]butanoic acid,

[0143] (P) mixtures of (A) through (P) in any combination.

[0144] Particularly useful prodrugs of the compounds of formula (I) and named compounds (A) thru (O) are the simple aromatic and aliphatic esters, such as the methyl ester, ethyl ester, n-propyl ester, isopropyl ester, n-butyl ester, sec-butyl, tert-butyl ester, N,N-diethylglycolamido ester, and morpholino-N-ethyl ester. Methods of making ester prodrugs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326. Additional methods of prodrug synthesis are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,280 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, N,N-diethylglycolamido ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA2 Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,646 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, Morpholino-N-ethyl Ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA2 Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,284 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, Isopropyl Ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA₂ Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0145] Most preferred in the practice of the method of the invention are the acid, sodium salt, methyl ester, and morpholino-N-ethyl ester forms of [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid as represented by the following formulae:

[0146] Synthesis methods for 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide sPLA₂ inhibitors are additionally depicted in the following reaction scheme:

[0147] Explanation of Reaction Scheme:

[0148] To obtain the glyoxylamides substituted in the 4-position with an acidic function through an oxygen atom, the reactions outlined in scheme 1 are used (for conversions 1 through 5, see ref. Robin D. Clark, Joseph M. Muchowski, Lawrence E. Fisher, Lee A. Flippin, David B. Repke, Michel Souchet, Synthesis, 1991, 871-878, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). The ortho-nitrotoluene, 1, is readily reduced to the 2-methylaniline, 2, using Pd/C as catalyst. The reduction can be carried out in ethanol or tetrahydrofuran (THF) or a combination of both, using a low pressure of hydrogen. The aniline, 2, on heating with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in THF at reflux temperature is converted to the N-tert-butylcarbonyl derivative, 3, in good yield. The dilithium salt of the dianion of 3 is generated at −40 to −20° C. in THF using sec-butyl lithium and reacted with the appropriately substituted N-methoxy-N-methylalkanamide. This product, 4, may be purified by crystallization from hexane, or reacted directly with trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride to give the 1,3-unsubstituted indole 5. The 1,3-unsubstituted indole 5 is reacted with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide at room temperature (20-25° C.) for 0.5-1.0 hour. The resulting sodium salt of 5 is treated with an equivalent of arylmethyl halide and the mixture stirred at a temperature range of 0-100° C., usually at ambient room temperature, for a period of 4 to 36 hours to give the 1-arylmethylindole, 6. This indole, 6, is O-demethylated by stirring with boron tribromide in methylene chloride for approximately 5 hours (see ref. Tsung-Ying Shem and Charles A Winter, Adv. Drug Res., 1977, 12, 176, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). The 4-hydroxyindole, 7, is alkylated with an alpha bromoalkanoic acid ester in dimethylformamide (DMF) using sodium hydride as a base, with reactions conditions similar to that described for the conversion of 5 to 6. The a-[(indol-4-yl)oxy]alkanoic acid ester, 8, is reacted with oxalyl chloride in methylene chloride to give 9, which is not purified but reacted directly with ammonia to give the glyoxamide 10. This product is hydrolyzed using 1N sodium hydroxide in MeOH. The final glyoxylamide, 11, is isolated either as the free carboxylic acid or as its sodium salt or in both forms.

[0149] The most preferred compound, [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid (as well as its sodium salt and methyl ester) useful in the practice of the method of the invention, may be prepared by the following procedure:

[0150] Preparation of [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, a compound represented by the formula:

[0151] Part A. Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole.

[0152] A solution of 140 mL (0.18 mol) of 1.3M sec-butyl lithium in cyclohexane is added slowly to N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-methoxy-2-methylaniline (21.3 g, 0.09 mol) in 250 mL of THF keeping the temperature below −40° C. with a dry ice-ethanol bath. The bath is removed and the temperature allowed to rise to 0° C. and then the bath replaced. After the temperature has cooled to −60° C., 18.5 g (0.18 mol) of N-methoxy-N-methylpropanamide in an equal volume of THF iss added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred 5 minutes, the cooling bath removed and stirred an additional 18 hours. It is then poured into a mixture of 300 mL of ether and 400 mL of 0.5N HCl. The organic layer is separated, washing with water, brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated at reduced pressure to give 25.5 g of a crude of 1-[2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl]-2-butanone. This material is dissolved in 250 mL of methylene chloride and 50 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and stirred for a total of 17 hours. The mixture is concentrated at reduced pressure and ethyl acetate and water added to the remaining oil. The ethyl acetate is separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue is chromatographed three times on silica eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 13.9 g of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole. Analysis for C₁₁H₁₃NO: Calculated: C, 75.40; H, 7.48; N, 7.99; Found: C, 74.41; H, 7.64; N, 7.97.

[0153] Part B. Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.

[0154] 2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole (4.2 g, 24 mmol) is dissolved in 30 mL of DMF and 960 mg (24 mmol) of 60% NaH/mineral oil is added. After 1.5 hours, 2.9 mL(24 mmol) of benzyl bromide is added. After 4 hours, the mixture is diluted with water extracting twice with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate is washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 3.1 g (49% yield) of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.

[0155] Part C. Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.

[0156] A solution of 3.1 g (11.7 mmol) of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole and 48.6 mL of 1M BBr₃/CH₂Cl₂ in 50 mL of methylene chloride is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). After concentrating at reduced pressure, the residue is chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 1.58 g (54% yield) of 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole, mp, 86-90° C. Analysis for C₁₇H₁₇NO: Calculated: C, 81.24; H, 6.82; N, 5.57 Found: C, 81.08; H, 6.92; N, 5.41.

[0157] Part D. Preparation of [[2-Ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H -indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester.

[0158] 2-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole (5.82 g, 20 mmol) is added to 7.82 g (24 mmol) cesium carbonate in 25 mL DMF and the mixture is stirred at 35° C. for 30 minutes. After cooling to 20° C., a solution of tert-butyl bromoacetate (4.65 g, 23.8 mmol) in 5 mL DMF is added and stirring maintained until the reaction is judged complete by TLC analysis (several hours). The mixture is diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution is washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated at reduced pressure to give 6.8 g of solid. Mass spectrum: 365 Analyses for C₂₃H₂₇NO₃: Calculated: C, 75.59; H, 7.75; N, 3.83; Found: C, 75.87; H, 7.48; N, 3.94.

[0159] Part E. Preparation of [[2-Ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-ureido-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester.

[0160] A solution of 2.3 g (6.3 mmol) [[2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester and 4.8 g (12.6 mmol) bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azodicarboxylate in diethyl ether is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting solid is filtered and vacuum dried. This adduct (1 g, 1.3 mmol) is dissolved in 10 mL of THF and treated with zinc (1 g) and glacial acetic acid (0.5 mL). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature an excess of trimethylsilylisocyanate in 1 mL of THF is added and stirring is continued at room temperature for 18 hours. The mixture is diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to dryness to give 0.385 g (69% yield) of the subtitled material. Mass spectrum: 423. Analyses for C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₄: Calculated: C, 68.07; H, 6.90; N, 9.92; Found: C, 67.92; H, 6.84; N, 9.70.

[0161] Part F. Preparation of [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid.

[0162] A mixture of 788 mg (2 mmol) of [3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester, 10 mL of 1 n NaOH and 30 mL of MeOH is heated to maintain reflux for 0.5 hour, stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour and concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and water, the aqueous layer separated and made acidic to pH 2-3 with 1N HCl. The precipitate is filtered and washed with ethyl acetate to give 559 mg (74% yield) of [[3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, mp, 230-234° C. Analyses for C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₅: Calculated: C, 65.96; H, 5.80; N, 7.33; Found: C, 66.95; H, 5.55; N, 6.99.

[0163] b) 1H-indole-3-hydrazide sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in practicing the method of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,634; the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of the described as 1H-indole-3-acetic acid hydrazides represented by the formula (Ib), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and prodrugs thereof;

[0164] wherein;

[0165] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0166] R₁ is selected from groups (i), (ii) and (iii) where;

[0167] (i) is C₄-C₂₀ alkyl, C₄-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₄-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₄-C₂₀ haloalkyl, C₄-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, or

[0168] (ii) is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, carboxyl, amino, or hydroxyamino;

[0169] (iii) is

[0170] where y is from 1 to 8, R₇₄ is, independently, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R₇₅ is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, nitro, phenyl, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, amino, hydroxyamino or a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring;

[0171] R₂ is halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, ethenyl, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, C₁-C₂ alkoxy, —CHO, —CN;

[0172] each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo;

[0173] R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or any two adjacent hydrocarbyl groups in the set R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ combined with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6 membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring; or C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₄-C₈ cycloalkoxy, phenoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl, —SH, —CN, —S(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), arylthio, thioacetal, —C(O)O(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), hydrazino, hydrazido, —NH₂, —NO₂, —NR₈₂R₈₃, and —C(O)NR₈₂R₈₃, where, R₈₂ and R₈₃ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, or taken together with N, R₈₂ and R₈₃ form a 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; or a group having the formula;

[0174] where,

[0175] each R₇₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxy, or both R₇₆ taken together are ═O;

[0176] p is 1 to 8,

[0177] Z is a bond, —O—, —N(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl)—, —NH, or —S—; and

[0178] Q is —CON(R₈₂R₈₃), -5-tetrazolyl, —SO₃H,

[0179] where R₈₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, a metal, or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

[0180] The synthesis of the 1H-indole-3-acetic acid hydrazides of structure (I) can be accomplished by known methods such as outlined in the following reaction schemes:

[0181] The 1H-indole-3-acetic acid ester can be readily alkylated by an alkyl halide or arylalkyl halide in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) in the presence of a base(meth a) to give the intermediate 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid esters, III. Bases such as potassium t-butoxide and sodium hydride were particularity useful. It is advantageous to react the indole, II, with the base to first form the salt of II and then add the alkylating agent. Most alkylations can be carried out at room temperature. Treatment of the 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid esters, III, with hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate in ethanol(meth b) gives the desired 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid hydrazides, I. This condensation to form I is usually carried out at the reflux temperature of the solvent for a period of 1 to 24 hours.

[0182] c) 1H-indole-3-acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitors and methods of making these inhibitors are set out in U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,034, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of the compound represented by (IIb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrug derivatives thereof,

[0183] wherein;

[0184] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0185] R₁₁ is selected from groups (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) where;

[0186] (i) is C₆-C₂₀ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₆-C₂₀ haloalkyl, C₄-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, or

[0187] (ii) is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, nitro, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, carboxyl, amino, or hydroxyamino; or

[0188] (iii) is —(CH₂)_(n)—(R₈₀), or —(NH)-(R₈₁), where n is 1 to 8, and R₈₀ is a group recited in (i), and R₈₁ is selected from a group recited in (i) or (ii);

[0189] (iv) is

[0190] where R₈₇ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R88 is selected from the group; phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, and biphenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, phenyl, nitro, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, hydroxyamino; or a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring;

[0191] R₁₂ is halo, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, or C₁-C₂ alkoxy;

[0192] each R₁₃ is independently hydrogen, halo, or methyl;

[0193] R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or any two adjacent hydrocarbyl groups in the set R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇, combine with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6 membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring; or C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₄-C₈ cycloalkoxy, phenoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl, —SH, —CN, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, arylthio, thioacetal, —C(O)O(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, —NH₂, —NO₂, —NR₈₂R₈₃, and —C(O)NR₈₂R₈₃, where, R₈₂ and R₈₃ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, or taken together with N, R₈₂ and R₈₃ form a 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; or

[0194] a group having the formula;

[0195] where,

[0196] R₈₄ and R₈₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxy, or R₈₄ and R₈₅ taken together are ═O;

[0197] p is 1 to 5,

[0198] Z is a bond, —O—, —N(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl)—, —NH—, or —S—; and

[0199] Q is —CON(R₈₂R₈₃), -5-tetrazolyl, —SO₃H,

[0200] where n is 1 to 8, R₈₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, a metal, or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R₉₉ is selected from hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

[0201] The synthesis of the 1H-indole-3-acetamides of structure (IIb) useful in the method of the invention can be accomplished by known methods. A procedure useful for the syntheses of these compounds is shown in the following reaction scheme:

[0202] The 1H-indole-3-acetamide II may be alkylated by an alkyl halide or arylalkyl halide in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of a base (method a) to give intermediate 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid esters, III. Bases such as potassium t-butoxide and sodium hydride are useful. It is advantageous to react the indole, II, with the base to first form the salt of II and then add alkylating agent. Treatment of the 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid esters, III, with hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate in ethanol (method b) gives the desired 1-alkyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid hydrazides, IV. This condensation to form IV may be carried out at the reflux temperature of the solvent for a period of 1 to 24 hours. The acetic acid hydrazides, IV, are hydrogenated to give the acetamides, I, by heating with Raney nickel in ethanol (method c). The intermediate acetic acid esters, III, can be first hydrolyzed to the acetic acid derivatives, V (method d), which on treatment with an alkyl chloroformate followed by anhydrous ammonia, also give amides, I (method e).

[0203] d) 1H-indole-1-functional sPLA₂ inhibitors of the hydrazide, amide, or glyolxylamide types as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,800, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-1-acetamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvateor prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Ic);

[0204] wherein for Formula (Ic);

[0205] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0206] each R₁ is independently hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl;

[0207] R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0208] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0209] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0210] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0211] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0212] R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group);

[0213] R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0214] 1H-indole-1-hydrazide compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0215] A 1H-indole-1-hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof;

[0216] wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIc);

[0217] wherein for formula (IIc);

[0218] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0219] each R₁ is independently hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl;

[0220] R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0221] (a) is C₇-C₂ ₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0222] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituent; or

[0223] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0224] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0225] R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group);

[0226] R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0227] e) Indolizine sPLA₂ inhibitors and their method of preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/765,566, filed Jul. 20, 1995 (titled, “Synovial Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor Compounds Having an Indolizine Type Nucleus, Parmaceutical Formulations Containing Said compounds, and Therapeutic Methods of Using said Compounds”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; and also in European Patent Publication No. 0772596, published May 14, 1997. The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of 1H-indole-1-functional compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Id);

[0228] wherein;

[0229] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0230] each R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo;

[0231] R₁₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0232] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0233] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0234] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0235] R₁₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0236] R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₁₇ and R₁₈ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and

[0237] R₁₅ and R₁₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0238] Particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0239] An indolizine-1-acetic acid hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof where said compound is represented by the formula (IId);

[0240] Particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0241] An indolizine-1-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIId);

[0242] Another preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0243] An indolizine-3-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IVd), as set out below:

[0244] wherein;

[0245] X is selected from oxygen or sulfur;

[0246] each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo;

[0247] R₁ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0248] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0249] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0250] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0251] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0252] R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₅ and R₆ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group);

[0253] R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0254] Particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0255] An indolizine-3-hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Vd), as set out below:

[0256] Particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA2 inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0257] An indolizine-3-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (VId), as set out below:

[0258] Particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0259] An indolizine-1-acetamide functional compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is selected from the group represented by the following formulae:

[0260] and mixtures of the above compounds.

[0261] Other particularly preferred 1H-indole-1-functional compounds useful as sPLA₂ inhibitors in the practice of the method of the invention are as follows:

[0262] An indolizine-1-glyoxylamide functional compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is selected from the group represented by the following formulae:

[0263] and mixtures of the above compounds.

[0264] The indolizine compounds may be made by one of more of the following reaction schemes:

[0265] The following abbreviations are used throughout the synthesis Schemes: Bn benzyl THF tetrahydrofuran LAH lithium aluminum hydride LDA lithium diiopropyl amine DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo 5.4.0] undec-7-une

[0266]

[0267] The anion of 2-methyl-5-methoxypyridine is formed in THF using lithium diisopropyl amide and reacted with benzonitrile to produce 2. Alkylation of the nitrogen of 2 by 1-bromo-2-butanone followed by base catalyzed cyclization forms 3 which is reduced by LAH to 4. Sequential treatment of 4 with oxalyl chloride and ammonia gives 8. Alternatively, 4 is acylated with ethyl oxalyl chloride to give 5 which is converted to 6 with lithium hydroxide and then to 8 by sequential treatment with ethyl chloroformate and ammonium hydroxide. Demethylation of 8 by BBr₃ yields 9 which is O-alkylated using base and ethyl 4-bromobutyrate to form 10. Hydrolysis of 10 by aqueous base produces 11.

[0268] Compound 12 (N. Desidiri, A. Galli, I. Sestili, and M. L. Stein, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 325, 29, (1992)) is reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C to 14 which gives 15 on ammonolysis using ammonium hydroxide. O-alkylation of 15 using benzyl chloride and base affords 16. Alkylation of the nitrogen atom of 13 or 16 by 1-bromo-2-ketones followed by base catalyzed cyclization yields indolizines 17 which are acylated by aroyl halides to form 18.

[0269] Reduction of 18 by tert-butylamine-borohydride and aluminum chloride yields 19 which is reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C to give 20. O-alkylation of 20 by benzyl bromoacetate and base forms 21 which is converted to the acid 22 by debenzylation using hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C.

[0270] Compound 23 (N. Desideri F. Manna, M. L. Stein, G. Bile, W. Filippeelli, and E. Marmo, Eur. J. Med. Chem. Chim. Ther., 18, 295, (1983)) is O-alkylated using sodium hydride and benzyl chloride to give 24. N-alkylation of 24 by 1-bromo-2-butanone or chloromethylcyclopropyl ketone and subsequent base catalyzed cyclization gives 25 which is acylated by aroyl halide to give 26. Hydrolysis of the ester function of 26 followed by acidification forms an acid which is thermally decarboxylated to give 27. Reduction of the ketone function of 27 by LAH yields indolizines 28.

[0271] Heating a mixture of 3-bromo-4-phenyl-butan-2-one or 3-bromo-4-cyclohexyl-butan-2-one and ethyl pyridine-2-acetate, or a substituted derivative, in the presence of base yields indolizine 31. Treatment of 31 with aqueous base in DMSO at elevated temperature followed by acidification gives 32 which is thermally decarboxylated to 33.

[0272] Sequential treatment of 28 or 33 with oxalyl chloride and ammonium hydroxide forms 35 which is debenzylated by hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C to give 36. Indolizines 36 are O-alkylated using sodium hydride and bromoacetic acid esters to form 37, 38, or 39 which are converted to indolizines 40 by hydrolysis with aqueous base followed by acidification.

[0273] The O-alkylation of 36h produces nitrite 41 which is converted to 42 on reaction with trialkyltin azide.

[0274] The hydroxypyridine is O-alkylated to give 44 which is heated with 2-haloketones to produce 45. Treatment of 45 with base causes cyclization to 46 which on heating with acid chlorides yields acylindolizines 47 which are reduced by aluminum hydride to the corresponding alkylindolizines 48. Sequential treatment of 48 with oxalyl chloride and then ammonia gives 49. Cleavage of the ether functionality of 49 yields 50. The oxyacetic ester derivatives 51 are formed by O-alkylation of 50 and then hydrolyzed to the oxyacetic acids 52.

[0275] Pyridine 43 is O-alkylated to produce 53. Heating 53 with 2-haloketones gives intermediate N-alkylated pyridinium compounds which are cyclized to 54 on treatment with base. Heating 54 with acyl chlorides gives the acylindolizines 55 which are reduced to the alkylindolizines 56 by sodium borohydride-aluminum chloride. Alternatively, 56 are produced by C-alkylation of 54 using alkyl halides.

[0276] Sequential treatment of 56 with oxalyl chloride and then ammonia gives 57 which are hydrolyzed to produce 58. Compound 58b is converted to its sodium salt 59a which yields 59b-k on reaction with the appropriate alkyl halide.

[0277] Compound 36b is O-alkylated to give 591-p.

[0278] Pyridine 60 is N-alkylated by 2-haloketones to produce intermediate pyridinium compounds which are cyclized by base to give 61. Reaction of 61 with acyl chlorides produces 62 which are reduced to 63 by tert butylamine-borane and aluminum chloride. Sequential treatment of 63 with oxalyl chloride and then ammonia yields 64 which are O-demethylated by BBr₃ to give 65. The sodium salt of 65 is reacted with ethyl 4-bromobutyrate to give 66 which is hydrolyzed to the acid 67.

[0279] Compounds 36d and 65c are O-alkylated by omega-bromocarboxylic esters to give 68 which are hydrolyzed to the acids 69. Compounds 36d and 65c produce 70 on treatment with propiolactone and base.

[0280] Compounds 66 are reduced to 71 by tert-butylamine-borane and aluminum chloride.

[0281] Pyridine 44b reacts with ethyl bromoacetate to produce 72 which is treated with CS₂ and base and then with ethyl acrylate to form 73. Reaction of 73 with base and ethyl bromoacetate yields a mixture of regioisomers 74a+b, 6- and 8-benzyloxy compounds. Base treatment of 74a+b eliminates ethyl acrylate to form 75 which is separated from the isomer of 6-benzyloxy derivative and S-alkylated to give 76. Hydrolysis of 76 forms 77 which is thermally decarboxylated to yield 78. Compound 78 is C-alkylated to form 79 which on sequential treatment with oxalyl chloride and then ammonia forms 80. Ether cleavage of 80 gives 81 whose sodium salt is alkylated by methyl bromoacetate to form 82 which are hydrolyzed to acids 83.

[0282] Aminopicoline 84 is converted to its N-CBZ derivative 85 whose anion is alkylated by methyl bromoacetate to produce 86. Reaction of 86 with methyl alpha-bromoalkyl ketones in the presence of base yields 87. Sequential treatment of 87 with oxalyl chloride and then ammonia gives 88 which is converted to 89 by hydrogenolysis of the N-CBZ function. Hydrolysis of 89 yields acids 90.

[0283] Compounds 88 are reduced by tert-butylamine-borane and aluminum chloride to 91 which are hydrolyzed to acids 92.

[0284] Pyridine 24 is N-alkylated by methyl bromoacetate, cyclized with base, and o-methylated using dimethysulfate to give 94. Hydrolysis of the ester function of 94 followed by thermal decarboxylation yields 2-methoxy-8-benzyloxyindolizine which is C-alkylated at position 3 and then reacted sequentially with oxalyl chloride and ammonia to produce 95. Hydrogenolysis of the 8-benzyloxy group followed by O-alkylation gives 96 which is hydrolyzed to 97.

[0285] f) Indene sPLA₂ inhibitors as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/776,618 filed Jul. 20 1995, (titled, Synovial Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor Compounds having an Indene Type Nucleus, Paarmaceutical Formulations Containing said Compounds, and Therapeutic Methods of Using Said Compounds”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, are useful in practicing the method of the invention.

[0286] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of an indene-1-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (If);

[0287] wherein;

[0288] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0289] each R₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo;

[0290] R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0291] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0292] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0293] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0294] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0295] R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and

[0296] R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0297] Suitable indene compounds also include the following:

[0298] An indene-1-acetic acid hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIf);

[0299] wherein:

[0300] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0301] each R₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo;

[0302] R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0303] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0304] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0305] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0306] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0307] R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and

[0308] R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0309] Suitable indene compounds for use in the method of the invention also include the following:

[0310] An indene-1-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIIf);

[0311] X is oxygen or sulfur;

[0312] R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0313] (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or

[0314] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0315] (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0316] R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen;

[0317] R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group);

[0318] R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.

[0319] The method of making the indene compounds is as follows:

[0320] A mixture of an anisaldehyde 1, propionic anhydride, and sodium propionate is heated to produce 2 which is reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C to give 3. Acid cyclization of 3 yields 6. Alternatively, the aromatic position para to the methoxy group of 3 is blocked by bromination to give 4 which is cyclized to 5 by acid and then debrominated using hydrogen and Pd/C to give 6. Reaction of 6 with the anion of triethyl phosphonoacetate produces 7 and/or 8. Radical bromination of 8 gives 9, which on reduction with hydrogen in the presence of PtO₂ yields 7. Alternatively, treatment of 8 with acid gives 7.

[0321] Compound 7 is condensed with benzaldehyde and its derivatives in the presence of base to give 10. Indenes 10 are converted to an active ester using benzotriazo-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino )hexafluorophosphonate and then reacted with ammonium hydroxide to form 11. Demethylation of 11 with BBr₃ forms 12 which is O-alkylated using sodium hydride and an omega-bromoalkanoic acid ester to produce 13. Aqueous base hydrolysis of 13 yields 14.

[0322] Compound 12c is O-alkylated using sodium hydride and methylbromoacetate to product 15 which is reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C to give a mixture of isomers 16a and 16b. Aqueous base hydrolysis of 16a and 16b gives 17a and 17b respectively.

[0323] Compound 10d is treated with lithium diisopropylamine, then air is bubbled into the solution to give 18. The indene 18 is converted to an active ester using benzotriazo-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)hexafluorophosphonate and then reacted with ammonium hydroxide to form the hydroxy acetamide 19. Compound 19 is oxidized to 20 using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide in the presence of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate.

[0324] g) Carbazole and tetrahydrocarbazole sPLA₂ inhibitors and methods of making these compounds are set out in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/063,066 filed Apr. 21, 1998 (titled, “Substituted Carbazoles and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazoles”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The method of the invention includes treatment of a mammal with these compounds.

[0325] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount carbazole or tetrahydrocarbazole represented by the following:

[0326] A compound of the formula (Ie)

[0327] wherein;

[0328] A is phenyl or pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-position;

[0329] one of B or D is nitrogen and the other is carbon;

[0330] Z is cyclohexenyl, phenyl, pyridyl, wherein the nitrogen is at the 1-, 2-, or 3-position, or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position, and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position;

[0331]

is a double or single bond;

[0332] R²⁰ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where;

[0333] (a) is —(C₅-C₂₀)alkyl, —(C₅-C₂₀)alkenyl, (C₅-C₂₀)alkynyl, carbocyclic radicals, or heterocyclic radicals, or

[0334] (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or

[0335] (c) is the group —(L)—R⁸⁰; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms selected from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; wherein the combination of atoms in —(L)— are selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon and hydrogen only, (ii) one sulfur only, (iii) one oxygen only, (iv) one or two nitrogen and hydrogen only, (v) carbon, hydrogen, and one sulfur only, and (vi) and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only; and where R⁸⁰ is a group selected from (a) or (b);

[0336] R²¹ is a non-interfering substituent;

[0337] R1′ is —NHNH₂, —NH₂ or —CONH₂;

[0338] R^(2′) is selected from the group consisting of —OH, and —O(CH₂)_(t)R^(5′) where

[0339] R^(5′) is H, —CN, —NH₂, —CONH₂, —CONR⁹R¹⁰ —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃; phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO₂H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and —(L_(a))-(acidic group), wherein —(L_(a))— is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 7 and t is 1-5;

[0340] R^(3′) is selected from non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radicals, carbocyclic radicals substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radicals, and heterocyclic radicals substituted with non-interfering substituents; or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt thereof;

[0341] provided that; when R^(3′) is H, R²⁰ is benzyl and m is 1 or 2; R^(2′) cannot be —O(CH₂)_(m)H; and

[0342] provided that when D is nitrogen, the heteroatom of Z is selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position.

[0343] Preferred in the practice of the method of the invention are compounds represented by the formula (IIe):

[0344] wherein;

[0345] Z is cyclohexenyl, or phenyl;

[0346] R²¹ is a non-interfering substituent;

[0347] R¹ is —NHNH₂ or —NH₂;

[0348] R² is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(CH₂)_(m)R⁵ where

[0349] R⁵ is H, —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —CO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

[0350]  where R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently —OH or —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —SO₃H, —SO₃(C1-C4 alkyl), tetrazolyl, —CN, —NH, —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO₂H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl where m is 1-3;

[0351] R³ is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —CONH₂, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or -phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0352] R⁴ is H, —(C₅-C₁₄)alkyl, —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, pyridyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —CN, —(C₁-C₄)alkylthio, phenyl(C1-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl, phenyl, phenoxy or naphthyl;

[0353] or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt, thereof.

[0354] Preferred specific compounds including all salts and prodrug derivatives thereof, for practicing the method of the invention are as follows:

[0355] 9-benzyl-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide;

[0356] 9-benzyl-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0357] [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid sodium salt;

[0358] [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxycarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0359] methyl [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxycarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0360] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-cyanomethyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0361] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl-methyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0362] {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0363] {9-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0364] {9-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0365] {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0366] 9-benzyl-5-(2-methanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0367] 9-benzyl-4-(2-methanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-2-methoxycarbazole-5-carboxamide;

[0368] 9-benzyl-4-(2-trifluoromethanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-2-methoxycarbazole-5-carboxamide;

[0369] 9-benzyl-5-methanesulfonamidoylmethyloxy-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0370] 9-benzyl-4-methanesulfonamidoylmethyloxy-carbazole-5-carboxamide;

[0371] [5-carbamoyl-2-pentyl-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0372] [5-carbamoyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0373] [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(tri(-1-methylethyl)silyl)oxymethyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0374] [5-carbamoyl-2-phenyl-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid[5-carbamoyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0375] [5-carbamoyl-2-(2-furyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0376] [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(tri(-1-methylethyl)silyl)oxymethyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid, lithium salt;

[0377] {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0378] {9-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0379] {9-[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0380] {9-[(2-Fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0381] {9-[(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0382] {9-[(2-benzylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0383] {9-[(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0384] {9-[(1-naphthyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0385] {9-[(2-cyanophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0386] {9-[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0387] {9-[(2-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0388] {9-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0389] {9-[(3,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0390] {9-[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0391] {9-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0392] {9-[(2,3-difluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0393] {9-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0394] {9-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0395] {9-[(3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0396] {9-[(2-biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0397] {9-[(2-Biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0398] the {9-[(2-Biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0399] [9-Benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbaole-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0400] {9-[(2-Pyridyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0401] {9-[(3-Pyridyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid;

[0402] [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0403] [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-methylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0404] [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0405] [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-fluorocarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0406] [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0407] [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-chlorocarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0408] [9-[(Cyclohexyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0409] [9-[(Cyclopentyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0410] 5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[[(propen-3-yl)oxy]methyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0411] [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(propyloxy)methyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid;

[0412] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((carboxamidomethyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0413] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-cyanomethyloxy-carbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0414] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl-methyl)oxy)-carbazole-4-carboxamide;

[0415] 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((carboxamidomethyl)oxy)-carbazole-4-carboxamide; and

[0416] [9-Benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbaole-5-yl]oxyacetic acid

[0417] or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt, thereof.

[0418] Other desireable carbazole compounds suitable for practicing the method of thein invention are selected from those represented by the formula (XXX):

[0419] wherein:

[0420] R¹ is —NHNH₂, or —NH₂;

[0421] R² is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(CH₂)_(m)R⁵ where

[0422] R⁵ is H, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C1-C₄ alkyl);

[0423]  where ⁶ and R⁷ are each independently —OH or —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —SO₃H, —SO₃(C₁-C₄ alkyl), tetrazolyl, —CN, —NH₂, —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO2H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl where m is 1-3;

[0424] R³ is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —CONH₂, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or —phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0425] R⁴ is H, —(C₅-C₁₄)alkyl, —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, pyridyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —CN, —(C₁-C₄)alkylthio, phenyl(C1-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl, phenyl, phenoxy or naphthyl;

[0426] A is phenyl or pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-position;

[0427] Z is cyclohexenyl, phenyl, pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 1-, 2- or 3-position or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position, or

[0428] wherein one carbon on the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with ═O;

[0429] or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt thereof; provided that one of A or Z is a heterocyclic ring.

[0430] Further desirable specific compounds suitable for the method of the invention are selected from the following:

[0431] (R,S)-(9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1-oxo-3-thia-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; (R,S)-(9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1-oxo-3-thia-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; [N-benzyl-1-carbamoyl-1-aza-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-8-yl]oxyacetic acid; 4-methoxy-6-methoxycarbonyl-10-phenylmethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole; (4-carboxamido-9-phenylmethyl-4,5-dihydrothiopyrano[3,4-b]indol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; 3,4-dihydro-4-carboxamidol-5-methoxy-9-phenylmethylpyrano[3,4-b]indole; 2-[(2,9 bis-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolin-5-yl)oxy]acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt thereof.

[0432] Particularly preferred compounds for the treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis are represented by the formulae (Xe) and (XIe) below:

[0433] For all of the above compounds of the carbazole or tetrahydrocarbazole type it is advantageous to use them in their (i)acid form, or (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable (e.g., Na, K) form, or (iii) and prodrugs derivatives (e.g., methyl ester, ethyl ester, n-butyl ester, morpholino ethyl ester).

[0434] Prodrugs are derivatives of sPLA2 inhibitors used in the method of the invention which have chemically or metabolically cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and base derivative forms, but the acid derivative form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acidic compound with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a suitable amine. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters derived from acidic groups pendent on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy) alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkyl esters. Specific preferred prodrugs are ester prodrugs inclusive of methyl ester, ethyl ester, n-propyl ester, isopropyl ester, n-butyl ester, sec-butyl, tert-butyl ester, N,N-diethylglycolamido ester, and morpholino-N-ethyl ester. Methods of making ester prodrugs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326. Additional methods of prodrug synthesis are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,280 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, N,N-diethylglycolamido ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA2 Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,646 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, Morpholino-N-ethyl Ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA2 Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/063,284 filed Oct. 27, 1997 (titled, Isopropyl Ester Prodrugs of Indole sPLA2 Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0435] Carbazole and tetrahydrocarbazole sPLA₂ inhibitor compounds useful for practicing the method of the invention may be made by the following general methods:

[0436] The compounds of formula Ie where Z is cyclohexene are prepared according to the following reaction Schemes I(a) and (c).

[0437] Wherein;

[0438] R¹ is —NH₂, R³(a) is H, —O (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkenyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —CONH₂, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, —CF₃, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl or -phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0439] when R¹ is —NHNH₂, R³(a) is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkenyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, —CF₃, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl or -phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0440] R^(2(a)) is —OCH₃ or —OH.

[0441] An appropriately substituted nitrobenzene (1) can be reduced to the aniline (2) by treatment with a reducing agent, such as hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C, preferably at room temperature.

[0442] Compound (2) is N-alkylated at temperatures of from about 0 to 20° C. using an alkylating agent such as an appropriately substituted aldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride to form (3). Alternately, an appropriately substituted benzyl halide may be used for the first alkylation step. The resulting intermediate is further N-alkylated by treatment with 2-carbethoxy-6-bromocyclohexanone, preferably at temperatures of about 80° C. to yield (4) or by treatment with potassium hexamethyldisilazide and the bromoketoester.

[0443] The product (4) is cyclized to the tetrahydrocarbazole (5) by refluxing with ZnCl₂ in benzene for from about 1 to 2 days, preferably at 80° C. (Ref 1). Compound (5) is converted to the hydrazide (6) by treatment with hydrazine at temperatures of about 100° C., or to the amide (7) by reacting with methylchloroaluminum amide in benzene. (Ref 2) Alternatively, (7) may be produced by treatment of (6) with Raney nickel active catalyst.

[0444] It will be readily appreciated that when R^(3(a)) is:

[0445] conversion to the amide will also be achieved in this procedure.

[0446] Compounds (6) and (7) may be dealkylated, preferably at 0° C. to room temperature, with a dealkylating agent, such as boron tribromide or sodium thioethoxide, to give compound (7) where R^(2(a)) is —OH, which may then be further converted to compound (9), by realkylating with a base, such as sodium hydride, and an alkylating agent, such as Br(CH₂)_(m)R⁵, where R⁵ is the carboxylate or phosphonic diester or nitrile as defined above. Conversion of R² to the carboxylic acid may be accomplished by treatment with an aqueous base. When R² is nitrile, conversion to the tetrazole may be achieved by reacting with tri-butyl tin azide or conversion to the carboxamide may be achieved by reacting with basic hydrogen peroxide. When R² is the phosphonic diester, conversion to the acid may be achieved by reacting with a dealkylating agent such as trimethylsilyl bromide. The monoester may be accomplished by reacting the diester with an aqueous base.

[0447] When R² and R³ are both methoxy, selective demethylation can be achieved by treating with sodium ethanethiolate in dimethylformamide at 100° C.

[0448] Ref 1 Julia, M.; Lenzi, J. Preparation d'acides tetrahydro-1,2,3,4-carbazole-1 ou -4. Bull.Soc.Chim.France, 1962, 2262-2263.

[0449] Ref 2 Levin, J. I.; Turos, E.; Weinreb, S. M. An alternative procedure for the aluminum-mediated conversion of esters to amides. Syn.Comm., 1982, 12, 989-993.

[0450] An alternative synthesis of intermediate (5) is shown in Scheme I(b), as follows.

[0451] where PG is a protecting group;

[0452] R^(3a) is as defined in Scheme 1, above.

[0453] The aniline (2) is N-alkylated with 2-carbethoxy-6-bromocyclohexanone in dimethyl formamide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate for 8-24 hours at 50° C. Preferred protecting groups include methyl, carbonate, and silyl groups, such as t-butyldimethylsilyl. The reaction product (4′) is cyclized to (5′) using the ZnCl₂ in benzene conditions described in Scheme I(a), above. N-alkylation of (5′) to yield (5) is accomplished by treatment with sodium hydride and the appropriate alkyl halide in dimethylformamide at room temperature for 4-8 hours.

[0454] R^(3(a)) is as defined in Scheme I.

[0455] As discussed in Scheme I above, carbazole (5) is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid (10) by treatment with an aqueous base, preferably at room temperature to about 100° C. The intermediate is then converted to an acid chloride utilizing, for example, oxalyl chloride and dimethylformamide, and then further reacted with a lithium salt of (S) or (R)-4-alkyl-2-oxazolidine at a temperature of about −75° C., to give (11a) and (11b) , which are separable by chromatography.

[0456] The diastereomers are converted to the corresponding enantiomeric benzyl esters (12) by brief treatment at temperatures of about 0° C. to room temperature with lithium benzyl oxide. (Ref 3) The esters (12) are then converted to (7) preferably by treatment with methylchloroaluminum amide (Ref 2, above) or, alternately, by hydrogenation using, for example, hydrogen and palladium on carbon, as described above, to make the acid and then reacting with an acyl azide, such as diphenylphosphoryl azide followed by treatment with ammonia. Using the procedure described above in Scheme I, compound (9a) or (9b) may be accomplished.

[0457] Ref 3 Evans, D. A.; Ennis, M. D.; Mathre, D. J. Asymmetric alkylation reactions of chiral imide enolates. A practical approach to the enantioselective synthesis of alpha-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives. J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1982, 104, 1737-1738.

[0458] Compounds of formula Ie where Z is phenyl can be prepared as follows in Schemes III(a)-(f), below.

[0459] A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide or 4-carboxhydrazide (13) is dehydrogenated by refluxing in a solvent such as carbitol in the presence of Pd/C to produce the carbazole-4-carboxamide. Alternately, treatment of (13) with DDQ in an appropriate solvent such as dioxane yields carbozole (14).

[0460] Depending on the substituent pattern oxidation as described above may result in de-alkylation of the nitrogen. For example when R³ is substituted at the 8-position with methyl, oxidation results in dealkylation of the nitrogen which may be realkylated by treatment with sodium hydride and the appropriate alkyl halide as described in Scheme I(a) above to prepare the deired product (14).

[0461] Benzoic acid derivative(16) where X is preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine and the protecting group is preferably —CH₃, are reduced to the corresponding aniline (25) with a reducing agent, such as stannous chloride in the presence of acid under the general conditions of Sakamoto et al,Chem Pharm. Bull. 35 (5), 1823-1828 (1987).

[0462] Alternatively, reduction with sodium dithionite in the presence of a base, such as sodium carbonate in a noninterferring solvent, such as water, ethanol, and/or tetrahydrofuran affords starting material (16).

[0463] Alternatively, reduction by hydrogenation over a sulfided platinum catalyst supported on carbon with hydrogen at 1 to 60 atmospheres in a noninterfering solvent, preferably ethyl acetate, to form a starting material (16).

[0464] The reactions are conducted at temperatures from about 0 to 100° C. preferably at ambient temperature, and are substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions.

[0465] The aniline (25) and dione (15) are condensed under dehydrating conditions, for example, using the general procedure of Iida, et al., (Ref 5), with or without a noninterfering solvent, such as toluene, benzene, or methylene chloride, under dehydrating conditions at a temperature about 10 to 150° C. The water formed in the process can be removed by distillation, azetropic removal via a Dean-Stark apparatus, or the addition of a drying agent, such as molecular sieves, magnesium sulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and the like.

[0466] The process can be performed with or without a catalytic amount of an acid, such a p-toluenesulfonic acid or methanesulfonic acid. Other examples of suitable catalysts include hydrochloric acid, phenylsulfonic acid, calcium chloride, and acetic acid.

[0467] Examples of other suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, xylenes, and carbotetrachloride.

[0468] The condensation of the instant process is preferably carried out neat, at a temperature about 100 to 150° C. with the resultant water removed by distillation via a stream of inert gas, such as, nitrogen or argon.

[0469] The reaction is substantially complete in about 30 minutes to 24 hours.

[0470] Intermediate (26) may then be readily cyclized in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(OAc)₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄ and the like, a phosphine, preferably a trialkyl- or triarylphosphine, such as triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, or tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like, a base, such as, sodium bicarbonate, triethylamine, or diisopropylethylamine, in a noninterfering solvent, such as, acetonitrile, triethylamine, or toluene at a temperature about 25 to 200° C. to form (19).

[0471] Examples of other suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, benzene, dimethylsulfoxide, or dimethylformamide.

[0472] Examples of other suitable palladium catalysts include Pd(PPh₃)Cl₂, Pd(OCOCF₃)₂, [(CH₃C₆H₄)₃P]₂PdCl₂, [(CH₃CH₂)₃P]₂PdCl₂, [(C₆H₁₁)₃P]₂PdCl₂, and [(C₆H₅)₃P]₂PdBr₂.

[0473] Examples of other suitable phosphines include triisopropylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tricyclopentylphosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane.

[0474] Examples of other suitable bases include tripropyl amine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene, (DBN) sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and potassium bicarbonate.

[0475] The cyclization of the instant process is preferably carried out with palladium(II)acetate as catalyst in the presence of either triphenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, or tricyclohexylphosphine in acetonitrile as solvent and triethylamine as base at a temperature about 50 to 150° C. The reaction is substantially complete in about 1 hour to 14 days.

[0476] Alternatively, a preferred process for cyclization consists of the reaction of intermediate (26) with a palladacycle catalyst such as trans-di (μ-acetato)-bis[o-(di-o-tolylphosphino)benzyl]dipalladium (II) in a solvent such as dimethylacetamide (DMAC) at 120-140° C. in the presence of a base such as sodium acetate.

[0477] Intermediate (19) may be alkylated with an alkylating agent XCH₂R₄, where X is halo in the presence of a base to form (20). Suitable bases include potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium hydride, and Triton B (N-benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide).

[0478] The reaction may or may not be carried out in the presence of a crown ether. Potassium carbonate and Triton B are preferred. The amount of alkylating agent is not critical, however, the reaction is best accomplished using an excess of alkyl halide relative to the starting material.

[0479] A catalytic amount of an iodide, such as sodium iodide or lithium iodide may or may not be added to the reaction mixture. The reaction is preferably carried out in an organic solvent, such as, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or acetonitrile. Other suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and t-butyl methyl ether.

[0480] The reaction is conducted at temperatures from about −10 to 100° C. preferably at ambient temperature, and is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions. Optionally, a phase transfer reagent such as tetrabutylammonium bromide or tetrabutylammonium chloride may be employed.

[0481] Intermediate (20) May by dehydrogenated by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in a noninterfering solvent to form (21).

[0482] Suitable solvents include methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, and t-butyl methyl ether. Toluene, benzene, dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran are preferred solvents. The reaction is carried out at a temperature about 0 to 120° C. Temperatures from 50 to 120° C. are preferred. The reaction is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions.

[0483] Intermediate (21) may be aminated with ammonia in the presence of a noninterfering solvent to form a(22). Ammonia may be in the form of ammonia gas or an ammonium salt, such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium acetate, ammonium trifluoroacetate, ammonium chloride, and the like. Suitable solvents include ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and water. A mixture of concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxide and tetrahydrofuran or methanol is preferred for the instant process. The reaction is carried out at a temperature about 20 to 100° C. Temperatures from 50 to 60° C. are preferred. The reaction is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions.

[0484] Alkylation of (22) is achieved by treatment with an alkylating agent of the formula XCH₂R⁹ where X is halo and R⁷⁰ is —CO₂R⁷¹, —SO₃R⁷¹, —P(O) (OR⁷¹)₂, or —P(O) (OR⁷¹)H, where R⁷¹ is an acid protecting group or a prodrug function, in the presence of a base in a noninterfering solvent to form (23). Methyl bromoacetate and t-butyl bromoacetate are the preferred alkylating agents.

[0485] Suitable bases include potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium hydride, and Triton B (N-benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide). The reaction may or may not be carried out in the presence of a crown ether. Cesium carbonate and Triton B are preferred.

[0486] The amount of alkylating agent is not critical, however, the reaction is best accomplished using an excess of alkyl halide relative to the starting material. The reaction is preferably carried out in an organic solvent, such as, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or acetonitrile. Other suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and t-butyl methyl ether.

[0487] The reaction is conducted at temperatures from about −10 to 100° C. preferably at ambient temperature, and is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions. Optionally, a phase transfer reagent such as tetrabutylammonium bromide or tetrabutylammonium chloride may be employed.

[0488] Intermediate (23) may be optionally hydrolyzed with a base or acid to form desired product (24) and optionally salified.

[0489] Hydrolysis of (23) is achieved using a base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, aqueous potassium carbonate, aqueous sodium carbonate, aqueous lithium carbonate, aqueous potassium bicarbonate, aqueous sodium bicarbonate, aqueous lithium bicarbonate, preferably sodium hydroxide and a lower alcohol solvent, such as, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like. Other suitable solvents include acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane.

[0490] Alternatively, the acid protecting group may be removed by organic and inorganic acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid with or without a noninterferring solvent. Suitable solvents include methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and acetone. The t-butyl esters are preferably removed by neat trifluoroacetic acid.

[0491] The reaction is conducted at temperatures from about −10 to 100° C. preferably at ambient temperature, and is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions.

[0492] The starting material (16) is prepared by esterifying compound (15) with a alkyl halide=XPG; where X is halo and PG is an acid protecting group, in the presence of a base, preferably potassium carbonate or sodium cabonate, in a noninterferring solvent, preferably dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide. The preferred alkyl halide is methyl iodide. The reaction is conducted at temperatures from about 0 to 100° C. preferably at ambient temperature, and is substantially complete in about 1 to 48 hours depending on conditions.

[0493] Alternatively the starting material (16) may be prepared by condensation with an alcohol HOPG, where PG is an acid protecting group, in the presence of a dehydrating catalyst such as, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole.

[0494] In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,338 and Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 05286912, November 1993 Hesei teach a method for preparing 2-fluoro-5-methoxyaniline derivatives.

[0495] R is as defined in Scheme III(b),

[0496] R^(3(a)) is as defined in Scheme I(a), above; and

[0497] X is halo.

[0498] Benzoic acid derivatives (16) (X═Cl, Br, or I) and boronic acid derivative (27) (either commercially available or readily prepared by known techniques from commercially available starting materials) are condensed under the general procedure of Miyaura, et al., (Ref 8a) or Trecourt, et al., (Ref 8b) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(Ph₃P)₄, a base, such as sodium bicarbonate, in an inert solvent, such as THF, toluene or ethanol, to afford compound (28).

[0499] Compound (28) is converted to the carbazole product (29) by treatment with a trialkyl or triaryl phosphite or phosphine, such as, triethylphosphite or triphenyl phosphine, according to the general procedure of Cadogan, et al. (Ref 6).

[0500] Compound (29) is N-alkylated with an appropriately substituted alkyl or aryl halide XCH₂R⁴ in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride or potassium carbonate, in a noninterfering solvent, such as toluene, dimethylformamide, or dimethylsulfoxide to afford carbazole (30).

[0501] Compound (30) is converted to the corresponding amide (22) by treatment with boron tribromide or sodium thioethoxide, followed by ammonia or an ammonium salt, such as ammonium acetate, in an inert solvent, such as water or alcohol, or with methylchloroaluminum amide in an inert solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature between 0 to 110° C.

[0502] When R^(3(a)) is substituted at the 8-position with chloro, de-alkylation of (30) with boron tribromide results in de-benzylation of the nitrogen as described above. Alkylation may be readily accomplished in a two step process. First, an O-alkylation by treatment with a haloalkyl acetate such as methyl bromo acetate using sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, followed by N-alkylation using for example a base such as sodium hydride and an appropriately substituted alkyl or aryl halide in dimethoxy formamide. Compound (22) can be converted to product carbazole product (24) as described previously in Scheme III(b) above.

[0503] Conversion to the desired prodrug may be accomplished by techniques known to the skilled artisan, such as for example, by treatment with a primary or secondary halide to make an ester prodrug.

[0504] Alternatively, reduction of the nitro group of compound (28) with a reducing agent, such as hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon, in a noninterfering solvent, such as ethanol, at 1 to 60 atmospheres, at a temperature of 0 to 60° C. affords the corresponding aniline (32). Compound (32) is converted to the carbazole (29) according to the general procedure described by Trecourt, et al. (Ref 8b). The aniline is treated with sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite, followed by sodium azide to form an intermediate azide which is cyclized to carbazole (29) by heating in an inert sovent, such as toluene. Compound (29) is converted to carbazole product (24) as described previously in Schemes III(b) and III(c).

[0505] References:

[0506] 8) a. N. Miyaura, et al., Synth. Commun. 11, 513 (1981) b. F. Trecourt, et al., Tetrahedron, 51, 11743 6)

[0507] 6) J. Cadogan et al., J. Chem. Soc., 4831 (1965)

[0508] In an aprotic solvent, preferably tetrahydrofuran, reduction of (40) is achieved using a reducing agent such as aluminum trihydride. Preferably, the reaction is conducted under inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, at room temperature.

[0509] Sulfonylation may be achieved with an appropriate acylating agent in the presence of an acid scavenger such as triethyl amine.

[0510] In a two-step, one-pot process, intermediate (50), prepared as described in Scheme I(a) above, is first activated with an activating agent such as carbonyl diimidazole. The reaction is preferably run in an aprotic polar or non-polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran. Acylation with the activated intermediate is accomplished by reacting with H₂NSOR¹⁵ in the presence of a base, preferably diazabicycloundecene.

[0511] PG is an acid protecting group;

[0512] R²² is (C₁-C₆)alkoxy (C₁-C₆)alkyl is (C₁-C₆)alkoxy (C₁-C₆)alkenyl

[0513] Starting material (20) is O-alkylated with an alkyl halide or alkenyl halide, using a base such as NaH, in an aprotic polar solvent preferably anhydrous DMF, at ambient temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The process of aromatization from a cyclohexenone functionality to a phenol functionality can be performed by treating the tetrahydrocabazole intermediate (60) with a base such as NaH in the presence of methyl benzenesulfinate in an anhydrous solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane or DMF, to form the ketosulfoxide derivative. Upon heating at about 100° C. for 1-2 hours, the ketosulfoxide derivative (60) is converted to the phenol derivative (61). Conversion of the ester (61) to the amide (62) can be achieved by treating a solution of (61) in an aprotic polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran with ammonia gas. Phenolic O-alkylation of (62) with, for example, methyl bromoacetate can be carried out in anhydrous DMF at ambient temperature using Cs₂CO₃ or K₂CO₃ as a base to form (63). Desired product (64) can be derived from the basic hydrolysis of ester (63) using LiOH or NaOH as a base in an H₂O/CH₃OH/THF solution at 50° C. for 1-2 hours.

[0514] When R²² is —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkenyl, hydrogenation of the double bond can be performed by treating (63) in THF using PtO₂ as a catalysis under a hydrogen atmosphere. Desired product can then be derived as described above in Scheme III(g) from the basic hydrolysis of ester (63) using LiOH or NaOH as a base in an H₂O/CH₃OH/THF solution at 50° C. for 1-2 hours.

[0515] Compounds of formula Ie where the A ring is phenyl and the heteroatom in Z is sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen can be prepared as described in Schemes IV(a)-(f), below.

[0516] PG is an acid protecting group.

[0517] X is halo.

[0518] R³(a) is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo or —CF³; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or —phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0519] An indole-3-acetic ester (101), Ref 10, is alkylated by treatment with alkalai metal amide and benzyloxymethyl chloride to give (102) which is converted to the alcohol (103) by catalytic hydrogenation. The alcohol is alkylated to provide the formaldehyde acetal (104) which is cyclized by Lewis acid to produce the pyrano[3,4-b]indole (105). The ester is converted to the amide (106) by methylchloroaluminum amide, and then to the phenol (107) with boron tribromide. The phenol is O-alkylated to give (108) which is hydrolyzed to the acid (109).

[0520] 10) Dillard, R. et al., J, Med Chem. Vol 39, No. 26, 5119-5136.

[0521] PG is an acid protecting group

[0522] W is halo, alkyl or aryl sulfonyl

[0523] R³(a) is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo or —CF³; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8;

[0524] Reaction of this alcohol (103) with aldehyde and acid produces the pyranoindole (110).

[0525] Conversion of the hydroxyl function of (103) to a halide or sulfate functionality is achieved by treatment with triphenylphosphine and CH₃X (where X is a halogen) to make compounds of formula (111) where X is a halide; or by treatment with triethylamine and methanesulfonyl chloride to make the sulfonate. Displacement with the sodium salt of thiol acetic acid gives (114) which in turn is hydrolyzed by base to the thiol (115) which is reacted with an appropriately substituted aldehyde and acid to produce the thiopyranoindoles (116).

[0526] Intermediate (111) may also be reacted with sodium azide to give the azido derivative (112) which is reduced by hydrogen catalytically to give the amine which is converted to the carboline (113) with aldehyde and acid.

[0527] Intermediates (113), (110) and (116) may be N-alkylated, using sodium hydride and an appropriately substituted alkylhalide XCH₂R⁴.

[0528]4-Methoxyindole (117) is converted to the indole acetic acid derivative (118) by alkylation with an epoxy propionate. Treatment of (118) with a brominating reagent affords the mixture of bromo isomers (119) and (120) which give the spiro compound (121) upon basic treatment. Heating (121) with benzyl bromide provides a mixture of the isomeric bromo compounds (122) and (123) which react with potassium thioacetate to give a mixture of isomers from which (124) may be separated. Solvolysis of the thioester produces the thiol (125) which is alkylated to give (126). Lewis acids convert (126) to the thiopyrano[3,4-b]indole (127). The ester function is converted to amide using methylchloroaluminum amide, the methyl ether cleaved by boron tribromide, and the product phenol O-alkylated with bromoacetic ester to give (130) which is hydrolyzed to (131).

[0529] X is halo,

[0530] R^(3(a)) is as defined in Scheme I(a) above; and

[0531] R is —(CH₂)mR⁵.

[0532] Protection of the oxygen by treatment of (132) with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride and imidazole in an aprotic polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or methylene chloride accomplishes (133).

[0533] Alkylation at the 3-position of the indole (133) is achieved by treatment with n-butyllithum then zinc chloride at temperatures starting at about 10° C. and warming to room temperature, followed by reaction with an appropriate haloalkyl ester such as methyl or ethyl bromoacetate. The reaction is preferably conducted at room temperature in an appropriate aprotic polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.

[0534] Alkylation of the indole-nitrogen can then be achieved by reacting (134) with a suitable alkyl halide in the presence of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide to prepare (135).

[0535] The ester functionality of (135) is converted to a trimethylsilylketene acetal (136) by treatment with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and trimethylsilyl chloride. Treatment of the ketene acetal (136) with bis(chloromethyl)sulfide and zinc bromide in methylene chloride affords the cyclized product (137). Conversion to amide (138) can be accomplished by a Weinreb reaction with methylchloroaluminum amide. Removal of the oxygen protecting group with a fluoride source, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), and concommitant reaction of the resulting anion with, for example, ethyl bromoacetate yields the ester (139). Deprotection of the ester yields the desired acid (140).

[0536] R^(3(a)) is as described in Scheme I(a) and

[0537] R is as described in Scheme IV(d).

[0538] Treatment of the ketene acetal (136) with bis(chloromethyl)ether and zinc bromide in methylene chloride affords the cyclized product (141). Conversion to amide (142) can be accomplished by a Weinreb reaction with methylchloroaluminum amide. Removal of the oxygen protecting group with a fluoride source, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride, and concommitant reaction of the resulting anion with ethyl bromoacetate yields the ester (143). Deprotection of the ester yields the desired acid (144).

[0539] N-alkylation of commercially available 4-methoxy indole (231) under basic conditions using an alkyl halide affords the N-alkyl indole (232). Acylation with a suitable acid chloride provides the glyoxalate ester product (233) which can be reduced with a variety of hydride reducing agents to give intermediate alcohols (234). Conversion of the alcohol to a suitable leaving group and displacement with sulfur nucleophiles affords the thioether product (235). Conversion to the acid chloride and spontaneous cyclization affords the thioketone product (236). Cleavage of the ester can be effected under basic conditions to give the correponding acid which upon formation of the acid chloride and reaction with an appropriate amine gives the amide product (237). Cleavage of the methyl ether gives the phenol (238) which can be alkylated under basic conditions using alkyl halides to give the O-alkylated product (239). Cleavage of the ester under basic conditions gives the desired product (240). Alternatively, reduction of the benzylic ketone with a hydride reducing agent and subsequent deoxygenation of the resulting alcohol gives the deoxygenated product (244). Cleavage of the oxyacetic ester proceeds under basic conditions to give the desired oxyacetic acid (242).

[0540] Compounds where Z is an aromatic or heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen can be prepared as described in Schemes V(a)-(e), below.

[0541] Substituted haloaniline (145) is condensed with N-benzyl-3-piperidone to provide enamine (146). Ring closure is effected by treatment of (146) with palladium (II) acetate and the resultant product is converted to (147) by treatment with cyanogen bromide. Alkylation of (147) is accomplished by treatment with the appropriate alkyl bromide using sodium hydride as base. Hydrolysis of this N-alkylated product with basic hydrogen peroxide under standard conditions provides (148). Demethylation of (148) is carried out by treatment with boron tribromide in methylene chloride. The resulting phenol (149) is converted by the standard sequence of O-alkylation with methyl bromoacetate in the presence of a base, hydrolysis with hydroxide to provide the intermediate salt which is then protonated in aqueous acid to provide desired δ-carboline (150).

[0542] X is halo,

[0543] R is as defined in Scheme IV(d), and

[0544] R^(3(a)) is as defined in Scheme I(a).

[0545] Ketene acetal (136), prepared as described in Scheme IV(d), is reacted with benzyl bis(methoxymethyl)amine in the presence of zinc chloride to give the tetrahydro-beta-carboline (151).

[0546] Treatment of (151) with lithium hydroxide, neutralization with hydrochloric acid and subsequent treatment with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and ammonia provides the desilyated amide (152) where R²⁰ is hydrogen, which can be alkylated with, for example, ethylbromoacetate to give ester (153).

[0547] Alternatively, treatment of (115) with the appropriate Weinreb reagent provides amide (152) (R²⁰ is t-butyldimethylsilyl) which is desilylated with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and alkylated with, for example, ethyl bromoacetate to give ester (153). Lithium hydroxide-mediated hydrolysis gives acid (154), which may be hydrogenated over an appropriate catalyst in the presence of hydrochloride acid to give the tetrahydro-beta-carboline as the hydrochloride salt(155). Compound (155) may in turn be aromatized by refluxing in carbitol with palladium on carbon to provide beta-carboline (156).

[0548] X is halo,

[0549] R is as defined in Scheme IV(d); and

[0550] R^(3(a)) is as defined in Scheme I(a).

[0551] In a one-pot reaction, indole (133) is successively treated with one equivalent n-butyllithium, carbon dioxide gas, one equivalent of t-butyllithium, and 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethene to give (157). Nitroalkene (157) is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to amine (158), which is cyclized with methyl glyoxylate (Ref. 9) in refluxing ethanol to give tetrahydrocarboline (159). Alkylation of both nitrogens of (159) leads to intermediate (160), which is treated with the appropriate Weinreb reagent to provide amide (161). Fluoride-assisted desilylation and alkylation with, for example, ethyl iodoacetate gives ester (162), which may be hydrogenated over a suitable catalyst and base-hydrolyzed to give acid (163). Aromatization of (163) to carboline (164) is achieved by refluxing in carbitol in the presence of palladium-on-carbon.

[0552] Reference 9:

[0553] Kelley, T. R.; Schmidt, T. E.; Haggerty, J. G. A convenient preparation of methyl and ethyl glyoxylate, Synthesis, 1972, 544-5.

[0554] The commercially available acid (170) is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride, oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate, and silylated with t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride to give (171). Treatment with sodium azide provides azide (172), which is reacted with nitromethane and potassium hydroxide in ethanol, followed by treatment with acetic anhydride and pyridine to give nitroolefin (173). Heating in xylene induces cyclization to produce indole (174). Alkylation with, for example, benzyl iodide and sodium hydride gives (175), which is hydrogenated in the presence of palladium-on-carbon to give amine (176). Acylation with the acid chloride of commercially available oxalacetic acid monoethyl ester gives (177), which is thermally cyclized to lactam (178). Selective reduction of the lactam carbonyl may be accomplished by treatment with NaBH₂S₃ to provide amine (179).

[0555] Protection of amine (179) with di-t-butyl dicarbonate and pyridine produces (180), which is converted via the appropriate Weinreb reagent to amide (181). Fluoride-assisted desilylation, alkylation with, for example, ethyl iodoacetate and potassium carbonate, base hydrolysis, and acid hydrolysis produce the tetrahydro-alpha-carboline (182).

[0556] Alternatively, amine (179) may be aromatized by refluxing in carbitol or some other suitable high boiling solvent to give alpha-carboline (183), which is converted via the appropriate Weinreb reagent to amide (184). Fluoride-assisted desilylation, alkylation with ethyl iodoacetate and potassium carbonate, and base hydrolysis as described above provides alpha-carboline (185).

[0557] X is halo

[0558] R^(3(a)) is as defined above Scheme V(e) provides δ-carboline (198) by the indicated sequence of reactions. N-alkylation of 2-carboethoxyindole (190) followed by a standard two carbon homologation sequence provides 2-(3-propenoic acid)indoles (194). In this sequence, the condensation of aldehyde (193) with malonic acid utilized a mixture of pyridine and piperidine as the base. After methyl ester formation and hydrogenation (195), ring closure (196) was effected by treatment with bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azodicarboxylate (BTCEAD) followed by zinc in acetic acid. Reduction of the cyclic amide with lithium aluminum hydride followed by treatment with trimethylsilylisocyanate provided the urea (197). Conversion to the desired d-carboline (198) was accomplished under the usual conditions of demethylation and subsequent alkylation and ester hydrolysis steps.

[0559] Reverse indoles, i.e., compounds where B is carbon and D is nitrogen can be prepared as described in Scheme VI, below.

[0560] Aryl hydrazines (200) are condensed with substituted prpionaldehydes to form hydrazones which are cyclized to indoles (201) by treatment with phosphorous trichloride at room temperature (Ref 1). The indoles are N-alkylated on reaction with a base such as sodium hydride and an alph-bromo ester to give indoles (202) which are cyclized to tetrahydrocarbazoles (203) by Lewis acids (e.g., aluminum chloride) or by radical initiators (e.g., tributyltin hydride). Compounds (203) can be converted to carbazoles by, for example, refluxing in a solvent such as carbitol in the presence of Pd/C.

[0561] Compounds of formula I wherein A is pyridyl can be prepared as described in Schemes VII(a)-(b), below.

[0562] X is halo and

[0563] R is (CH₂)_(m)R⁵.

[0564] Commercially available 4-chloroindole (210) is treated with 3 equivalents of t-butyllithium followed by carbon dioxide, 1 equivalent of n-butyllithium, 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethene, and acid to provide carboxylic acid (211), which may be esterified to give (212). Alkylation at the 1-position followed by hydrogenation provides aminoethyl indole (214). Cyclization with phosgene to (215) followed by aromatization gives carboline (216). Treatment of (216) with the appropriate Weinreb reagent provides amide (217), which may be alkylated with, for example, ethyl bromoacetate and saponified with sodium hydroxide to give the carboline (218).

[0565] R3(a) is as defined in Scheme I(a),

[0566] X is halo, and

[0567] R is (CH₂)mR⁵.

[0568] The 1,3-dione structures (228) are either commercially available or readily prepared by known techniques from commercially available starting materials. Preparation of the aniline derivatives (220) (X=Cl, Br, or I) are accomplished by reducing an appropriately substituted benzoic acid derivative to the corresponding aniline by treatment with a reducing agent such as SnCl₂ in hydrochloric acid in an inert solvent such as ethanol or by hydrogenation using hydrogen gas and sulfided platinum or carbon or palladium on carbon. The amino group of (228) is protected with an appropriate protecting group, such as the, carboethoxyl, benzyl, CBZ (benzyloxycarbonyl) or BOC (tert-butoxycarbonyl) protecting group, and the like.

[0569] The dione (228) and aniline derivative (220) are condensed according to the general procedure of Chen, et al., (Ref 10) or Yang, et al., (Ref 11), with or without a noninterfering solvent, such as methanol, toluene, or methylene chloride, with or without an acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, with or without N-chlorosuccinimide and dimethyl sulfide, to afford the coupled product (221).

[0570] Compound (221) is cyclized under basic conditions with a copper (I) salt in an inert solvent according to the general procedure of Yang, et al., (Ref 8). The derivative (221) is treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, in an inert solvent, such as HMPA, at a temperature between 0 and 25° C. A copper (I) salt, such as copper (I) iodide, is added and the resultant mixture stirred at a temperature between 25 and 150° C. for 1 to 48 hours to afford compound (222).

[0571] Compound (221) may also be cyclized according to the general procedure of Chen, et al., (Ref 10). The derivative (221) is treated with a base, such as sodium bicarbonate, and a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, in an inert solvent, such as HMPA, at a temperature between 25 and 150° C. to afford compound (222).

[0572] In a preferred method, intermediate (171) is treated with a transition metal catalyst, such as Pd(OAc)₂(O-tol)₃P in the presence of a base such as triethylamine using a cosolvent of DMF/acetonitrile to prepare (222)

[0573] Compound (222) is N-alkylated with an appropriately substituted benzyl halide in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride or potassium carbonate, in a noninterfering solvent, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide to afford ketone (223). In a two step, one pot process (222) is aromatized by treatment with acetic acid and palladium on carbon in a noninterfering solvent, such as carbitol or cymene, followed by treatment with hydrogen gas and palladium on carbon to cleave the nitrogen protecting group and produce the phenolic derivative (224).

[0574] The ester (224) is converted to the corresponding amide (225) under standard conditions with ammonia (preferably) or an ammonium salt, such as ammonium acetate, in an inert solvent, such as water or alcohol, preferably methanol, or with MeClAlNH₂ in an inert solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature between 0 to 110° C. Alkylation of the phenolic oxygen of compound 38 with an appropriate haloester, such as methyl bromoacetate, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate, potassium or sodium carbonate, in an inert solvent, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide affords the ester-amide (226). Other haloesters, such as ethyl bromoacetate, propyl bromoacetate, butyl bromoacetate, and the like can also be used to prepare the corresponding esters.

[0575] Saponification of compound (226), with lithium hydroxide in an inert solvent, such as methanol-water, affords (227). The intermediate and final products may isolated and purified by conventional techniques such as chromatography or recrystallization. Regioisomeric products and intermediates can be separated by standard methods, such as, recrystallization or chromatography.

[0576] References:

[0577] 10) L.-C. Chen et al., Synthesis 385 (1995)

[0578] 11) S.-C. Yang et al., Heterocycles, 32, 2399 (1991)

[0579] h) Pyrazole sPLA₂ Inhibitors

[0580] The method of the invention may be practiced using pyrazole sPLA2 inhibitors, which are described (together with the method of making) in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/984,261, filed Dec. 3, 1997, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable pyrazole compounds are represented by formula (Ih)

[0581] wherein:

[0582] R¹ is phenyl, isoquinolin-3-yl, pyrazinyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl substituted at the 4-position with —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxyl, —CN or —(CH₂)_(n)CONH₂ where n is 0-2;

[0583] R² is phenyl; phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, halo, —NO₂, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —CF₃; naphthyl; thiophene or thiophene substituted with 1 to 3 halo groups;

[0584] R³ is hydrogen; phenyl; phenyl(C₂-C₆)alkenyl; pyridyl; naphthyl; quinolinyl; (C₁-C₄)alkylthiazolyl; phenyl substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —CF₃, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenoxy and SR⁴ where R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or halophenyl; phenyl substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of

[0585] —O (CH₂)_(p)R⁵ where p is 1 to 3 and R⁵ is —CN, —CO₂H, —CONH₂, or tetrazolyl, phenyl and

[0586] —OR⁶ where R⁶ is cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, or phenyl substituted with halo or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy;

[0587] or phenyl substituted with two substituents which, when taken together with the phenyl ring to which they are attached form a methylenedioxy ring; and

[0588] m is 1 to 5;

[0589] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0590] Particularly preferred are pyrazole type sPLA₂ inhibitors as follows:

[0591] A pyrazole compound of formula (I), supra, wherein:

[0592] R₁ is pyridine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl substituted at the 4-position with —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —CN or —(CH₂)_(n)CONH₂ where n is 0-2;

[0593] R² is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, halo, —NO₂, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —CF₃; and

[0594] R3 is phenyl; phenyl(C₂-C₆)alkenyl; phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —CF₃, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenoxy and SR₄ where R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or halo phenyl;

[0595] phenyl substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of —O(CH₂)_(p)R⁵ where p is 1 to 3 and R⁵ is —CN, —CO₂H, —CONH₂ or tetrazolyl, phenyl and —OR⁶ where R⁶ is cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl or phenyl substituted with halo or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy;

[0596] or phenyl substituted with two substituents which when taken together with the phenyl ring to which they are attached form a methylenedioxy ring.

[0597] Specific suitable pyrazole type sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention are as follows:

[0598] Compounds selected from the group consisting of 3-(2-chloro-6-methylphenylsulfonylamino)-4-(2-(4-acetamido)pyridyl)-5-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzylthio)-(1H)-pyrazole and 3-(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonylamino)-4-(2-(4-acetamido)pyridyl)-5-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzylthio)-(1H)-pyrazole.

[0599] The pyrazole compounds of formula Ih are prepared as described in Scheme I below.

[0600] L is a leaving group.

[0601] In an aprotic polar solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, an acetonitrile compound (1) is deprotonated by treatment with an excess of a strong base, such as sodium hydride, preferably under an inert gas, such as nitrogen. The deprotonated intermediate is treated with carbon disulfide and then alkylated twice with an appropriately substituted alkyl halide (2) of the formula R³(CH₂)_(m)L, where L is a leaving group, preferably bromine, and R³ and m are as defined above, to prepare intermediate compound (3). The reaction is conducted at ambient temperatures and is substantially complete in 1 to 24 hours.

[0602] Cyclization to form the amino substituted pyrazole (4) is achieved by reacting intermediate (3) with hydrazine at room temperature for from about 1 to 24 hours.

[0603] Selective sulfonylation of the amino group of intermediate (4) can be accomplished by treatment with a sulfonyl chloride (5) of the formula R²SO₂Cl, where R² is as defined above, to prepare product (6). The reaction is preferably conducted in a solvent, such as pyridine, at ambient temperature for a period of time of from 1 to 24 hours. Preparation of 2,6-dimethylphenylsulfonyl chloride can be accomplished as described in J. Org. Chem. 25, 1996 (1960). All other sulfonyl chlorides are commercially available.

[0604] i) Phenyl glyoxamide sPLA₂ inhibitors (and the method of making them) are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/979,446, filed Nov. 24, 1997 (titled, Phenyl Glyoxamides as sPLA₂ Inhibitors), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0605] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount a phenyl glyoxamide type sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention are as follows:

[0606] A compound of the formula (Ii)

[0607] wherein:

[0608] X is —O— or —(CH₂)_(m)—, where m is 0 or 1;

[0609] Y is —CO₂—, —PO₃—, —SO₃—;

[0610] R is independently —H or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

[0611] R¹ and R² are each independently —H, halo or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

[0612] R³ and R⁴ are each independently —H, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, halo, phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo;

[0613] n is 1-8; and

[0614] p is 1 when Y is —CO₂— or —SO₃— and 1 or 2 when Y is —PO₃—;

[0615] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0616] A specific suitable phenyl glyoxamide type sPLA₂ inhibitors is 2-(4-carboxybut-1-yl-oxy)-4-(3-phenylphenoxy)phenylglyoxamide.

[0617] These phenyl glyoxylamide compounds useful in the method of the invention are prepared as follows:

[0618] Compounds where R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are H, and X, Y and n and p are as defined above can be prepared according to the following Scheme I.

[0619] R′ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl

[0620] Reflux of (1) with oxalyl chloride in an alkyl halide solvent, such as chloroform, using 4-N,N′ dimethylamino pyridine as a catalyst achieves intermediate (2).

[0621] Under Friedel-Crafts conditions, using a suitable Lewis-acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride, compound (2) is internally cyclized to form compound (3). The reaction is preferably conducted at temperatures from about 0° C. to room temperature and allowed to proceed for about 24 hours.

[0622] Aminolysis of (3) to amide (4) can be achieved by treatment with concentrated ammonium hydroxide.

[0623] Alkylation of the hydroxyl of compound (4) can be readily achieved by treatment with an appropriate alkylating agent, such as Br(CH₂)_(n)Y, where Y is —CO₂R, —PO₃R₂ or SO₃R and R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, to form intermediate (5). The reaction is preferably conducted in an aprotic polar solvent, such as dimethyl formamide, in the presence of potassium carbonate and a suitable catalyst, such as potassium iodide.

[0624] Conversion of (5) to the carboxylic or sulfonic acid or acid salt (6) may be achieved by treatment with an appropriate base, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide, in a polar protic solvent, such as methanol.

[0625] When n is 2, a bromoacetal must be employed as an alkylating agent to achieve the carboxylic acid (6). The alkylated moiety (5) is then converted to the acid (6) by oxidizing with sodium dichromatate in aqueous conditions.

[0626] When Y is —PO₃—, conversion to the acid (6), is preferably conducted in an alkyl halide solvent, such as methylene chloride, using a dealkylating agent, such as trimethylsilyl bromide, and an excess of potassium carbonate, followed by treatment with methanol.

[0627] When R¹, R², R³ or R⁴ are other than hydrogen, the preparation proceeds as described in Scheme II on the following page.

[0628] R′ is as defined in Scheme I.

[0629] An appropriately R¹, R² substituted phenol (7) is converted to lactone (8) following the procedures described in Scheme I, steps (a-b) above.

[0630] Conversion to the intermediate (9) is accomplished by reacting (2a) with an aqueous acid, such as hydrochloric acid which affords removal of aluminum chloride from the reaction. Acid (9) is converted to the corresponding acid chloride using oxalyl chloride with dimethyl formamide as a catalyst. The acid chloride is recyclized to the lactone (10) on removal of the solvent, preferably under vacuum. The lactone (10) is converted to the glyoxamide (11) by treatment with an excess of ammonia as described in Scheme I, step (c), above.

[0631] Alkylation of (11) to prepare the ester (12), followed by conversion to the acid is accomplished according to the procedure outlined in Scheme I, steps (d) and (e).

[0632] Alternately, conversion of (10) to (12) can be accomplished in a one-pot procedure by treating the lactone (10) with sodium amide in an aprotic polar solvent, such as dimethylformamide, preferably at temperatures of from about 0° C. to 20° C., followed by alkylation with an appropriate alkyl halide.

[0633] j) Pyrrole sPLA₂ inhibitors and methods of making them are disclosed in U.S. patent applicaton Ser. No. 08/985,518 filed Dec. 5, 1997 (titled, “Pyrroles as sPLA₂ Inhibitors”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0634] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount a pyrrole sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention as follows:

[0635] A compound of the formula (Ij)

[0636] R¹ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, halo and phenyl;

[0637] R² is hydrogen, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy or (C₁-C₄)alkylthio;

[0638] R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen or when taken together are ═O;

[0639] R⁵ is —NH₂ or —NHNH₂;

[0640] R⁶ and R⁷ are each hydrogen or when one of R⁶ and R⁷ is hydrogen, the other is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ is —CO₂R¹¹, —PO₃(R¹¹)₂, —PO₄(R¹¹)₂ or —SO₃R¹¹ where R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 0 to 4; or R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, are ═O or ═S;

[0641] X is R⁸(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R⁸(C₂-C₆)alkenyl or phenyl substituted at the ortho position with R⁸ where R⁸ is (CH₂)_(n)R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ is —CO₂R¹¹, —PO₃(R¹¹)₂, —PO₄(R¹¹) or —SO₃R¹¹, R¹¹ and n is 1 to 4 as defined above, and additionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, or two substituents which, when taken together with the phenyl ring to which they are attached, form a naphthyl group; and

[0642] R⁹ is hydrogen or methyl or ethyl;

[0643] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0644] Preferred pyrrole sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention are compounds of formula Ij wherein;

[0645] R¹ is phenyl;

[0646] R² is methyl or ethyl;

[0647] R⁵ is —NH₂;

[0648] R⁶ and R⁷ are each hydrogen;

[0649] X is R⁸(C₁-C₆)alkyl or phenyl substituted at the ortho position with R⁸ where

[0650] R⁸ is —CO₂R¹¹; and

[0651] R⁹ is methyl or ethyl.

[0652] A specific suitable pyrrole sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention is 2-[1-benzyl-2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-carboxyphenylmethyl)pyrrol-3-yl]glyoxamide.

[0653] The pyrrole compounds are prepared as follows:

[0654] Compounds of formula I where R⁵ is —NH₂ can be prepared as shown in Scheme I, below.

[0655] An appropriately substituted gamma-diketone (1) is reacted with an alkylamine of the formula NHCH₂R¹ to give pyrrole (2). Under Friedel-Crafts conditions, using a suitable Lewis-acid catalyst such as stannic chloride, aluminum chloride, or titanium tetrachloride (preferably stannic chloride) pyrrole (2) is ring alkylated with an alkyl or arylalkyl halide compound of the formula ZCR⁶R⁷X where Z is a suitable halogen and R⁸ of X is a protected acid or ester. The reaction is preferably conducted in a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, such as dichloromethane, at ambient temperatures and allowed to proceed for from about 1 to about 24 hours.

[0656] Intermediate (3) is converted to (4) by sequential treatment with oxalyl chloride followed by ammonia. Selective reduction of (4) is accomplished in a two step process. In a hydride reduction using, for example, sodium borohydride, the hydroxy intermediate (5) is prepared which can be further reduced using either catalytic or hydride reduction (preferably palladium on carbon) to prepare (6). Deprotection of R⁸ to the acid may be readily achieved by conventional techniques. For example, when an alkyl ester is used as a protecting group, deprotection can be accomplished by treatment with a base, such as sodium hydroxide.

[0657] k) Naphthyl glyoxamide sPLA₂ inhibitors and methods of making them are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/091,079, filed Dec. 9, 1966 (titled, “Naphthyl Glyoxamides as sPLA2 Inhibitors”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0658] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount a naphthyl glyoxamide sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention are as follows:

[0659] A naphthyl glyoxamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula Ik

[0660] wherein:

[0661] R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a non-interfering substituent with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R² must be hydrogen;

[0662] X is —CH₂— or —O—; and

[0663] Y is (CH₂)_(n)Z where n is a number from 1-3 and Z is an acid group selected from the group consisting of CO₂H, —SO₃H or —PO(OH)₂.

[0664] A specific suitable naphthyl glyoxamide sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention has the following structural formula:

[0665] The naphthyl glyoxamide compounds are prepared as follows:

[0666] Compounds of formula I where X is oxygen can be prepared by the following reaction Scheme I.

[0667] In the above depicted reaction scheme, the 1,5-dihydroxy napthalene starting material (1) is dispersed in water and then treated with 2 equivalents of potassium hydroxide. The resultant solution is chilled in an ice bath and one equivalent of a strong mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid, is added to produce the potassium salt (2).

[0668] Alkylation of the radical (2) can then be accomplished by treatment with a methylating agent such as dimethyl sulfate to prepare the ether (3).

[0669] Preparation of (4) is achieved by reacting the ether (3) with an appropriately substituted phenol in an Ullman-type reaction using potassium carbonate and cupric oxide.

[0670] De-methylation of (4) can be accomplished by treating (4) with a 40% HBr/HOAC solution at reflux in a protic polar solvent such as acetic acid, to prepare (5).

[0671] Reflux of compound (5) with oxalyl chloride and 4-demethylamino pyridine, in an alkylhalide solvent such as methylene chloride, prepares the oxalyl chloride (6).

[0672] Internal cyclization of (6) can be achieved under Friedel-Crafts condition using aluminum chloride or other similar metal halide as the catalyst. The reaction can be conveniently conducted in an alkyl halide solvent, such as 1,2-dichloro ethane.

[0673] Alkylation and hydrolysis of the cyclized compound (7) can be achieved by reacting (7) with an alkaliamide base, such as sodium amide, followed by treatment with an alkylating agent, such as methyl bromoacetate, using potassium iodide as a catalyst.

[0674] Finally, the acid (9) is achieved by treating the ester (8) with an alkali base, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide, followed by treatment with a dilute aqueous mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid The acid compound (9) is then extracted with an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate.

[0675] The final product (9) can be purified using standard recrystallization procedures in a suitable organic solvent such as methylene chloride/hexane.

[0676] Compounds of formula I where X is methylene can be prepared as shown in the following Scheme II

[0677] Using an appropriately substituted phenyl bromide, a Grignard reagent is prepared. The phenyl Grignard is then reacted with 4-methoxy naphthylnitrile and the resultant compound is hydrolyzed with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric acid to form the benzoyl naphthylene compound (1a).

[0678] Reduction of (1a) to form compound (2a) is accomplished by treatment with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. The reaction is conducted in a solvent-catalyst such as trifluoroacetic acid and initiated in an ice bath which is allowed to warm to room temperature as the reaction proceeds.

[0679] The desired naphthyl glyoxamide may then be prepared from (2a) according to the procedure in Scheme I starting with the chloromethylation step.

[0680] It will be readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the substituted benzyl bromide, substituted phenol and substituted naphthylnitrile compounds of Schemes I and II are either commercially available or can be readily prepared by known techniques from commercially available starting materials.

[0681] l) Phenyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitors and methods of making them are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/976,858, filed Nov. 24, 1997 (titled, “Phenyl Acetamides as sPLA₂ Inhibitors”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0682] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a phenyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitor represented by formula (Il) as follows:

[0683] wherein:

[0684] R¹ is —H or —O(CH₂)_(n)Z;

[0685] R² is —H or —OH;

[0686] R³ and R⁴ are each independently —H, halo or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

[0687] One of R⁵ and R⁶ is —YR⁷ and the other is —H, where Y is —O— or —CH₂— and R⁷ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two halo groups;

[0688] Z is —CO₂R, —PO₃R₂ or —SO₃R where R is —H or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and

[0689] n is 1-8;

[0690] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, racemate or optical isomer thereof;

[0691] provided that when R⁶ is YR⁷, R¹ is hydrogen; and

[0692] when R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are hydrogen and R₅ is YR⁷ where Y is —O—, R⁷ cannot be phenyl; and

[0693] when R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are hydrogen, R⁵ is YR⁷ where Y is CH₂, R⁷ cannot be phenyl substituted with one methoxy or two chloro groups.

[0694] Preferred suitable phenyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention are as follows:

[0695] Compounds of formula I wherein R², R³ and R⁴ is H, Y is oxygen or CH₂, R⁷ is phenyl or phenyl substituted at the meta position with one or two substituents selected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo and n is 4-5.

[0696] A specific suitable phenyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitors useful in the method of the invention is 2-(4-carboxybutoxy)-4-(3-phenylphenoxy)phenylacetamide.

[0697] The phenyl acetimde compounds are prepared as follows:

[0698] Compounds of formula I where R¹ and R² are H, R⁵ or R⁶ are YR⁷ where R⁷ is phenyl or substituted phenyl and Y is oxygen can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme I(a), below.

[0699] X is halo;

[0700] R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently —H, halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two halo groups; and

[0701] PG is a carboxyl protecting group

[0702] An appropriately substituted carboxy-protected halophenyl compound (1), where the halogen is preferably bromine, is coupled with an appropriately substituted phenol (2) under modified Ullmann conditions, by refluxing with potassium carbonate and cupric oxide in an aprotic polar solvent, such as pyridine, under an inert gas such as argon. The reaction is substantially complete in 1-24 hours.

[0703] Intermediate (3) is deprotected by treatment with a base such as aqueous potassium hydroxide using a solvent, such as diethylene glycol. The reaction, preferably conducted at about 100°-150° C., is substantially complete in 1-24 hours.

[0704] Conversion to the amide (5) can then be readily achieved by treatment first with oxalyl chloride in an alkyl halide solvent, such as methylene chloride, using dimethylformamide as a catalyst, at temperatures of from about 0° C. to ambient temperature, followed by treatment with an excess of ammonia gas, again in an alkyl halide solvent.

[0705] Alternately, compounds of formula I can be prepared according to the procedure of Scheme I(b), below.

[0706] The substituted phenol (2) is coupled with an appropriately substituted benzyl halide (6) as described in Scheme I(a), step a, above, to prepare (7).

[0707] Halogenation of (7) is achieved using a halogenating agent, such as N-bromosuccinimide and a catalyst, such as 2,2′azobisisobutyronitrile, in an alkyl halide solvent, such as chloroform, to prepare (8).

[0708] Treatment of (8) with sodium cyanide in an aprotic polar solvent, such as dimethyl formamide produces the nitrite (9) which can then be readily converted to the amide (10) by treatment with an aqueous acid, such as hydrochloric acid.

[0709] R⁸ and R⁹ are as shown in Scheme I(a),

[0710] X is halo.

[0711] In another procedure, compounds of formula I where R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, Y is —O— or —CH₂— and R⁷ is phenyl can be prepared as portrayed in Scheme II on the following page.

[0712] X is a halogen.

[0713] An appropriate diphenyl compound (11) is treated with paraformaldehyde and a halogenating agent, such as 40% hydrogen bromide in acetic acid. Two positional isomers result with the X substituent at either the meta or para position of the phenyl ring to which it is attached.

[0714] Displacement of the halogen to prepare the nitrile isomers (13) can be achieved by treatment of (12) with sodium cyanide in dimethylformamide as described in Scheme I(b), step (c), above. The isomers can then be readily separated by conventional chromatographic techniques and each isomer may be converted to its respective amide (14) by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and potassium carbonate in an aprotic polar solvent, such as dimethylsulfoxide.

[0715] Compounds where R¹ is —O(CH₂)_(n)Z can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme III, below.

[0716] R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl and

[0717] p=1 or 2.

[0718] Intermediate (16) is prepared by refluxing an appropriately substituted diphenyl compound (15) with oxalyl chloride in an alkyl halide solvent, such as chloroform. Preferably the reaction is catalyzed with 4,4-N-dimethylaminopyridine.

[0719] Cyclization to the lactone (17) can be achieved under Friedel-Crafts conditions using a suitable metal halide, such as aluminum chloride, as the catalyst. Conversion to the glyoxamide (18) can be achieved by aminolysis of the lactone ring using concentrated ammonium hydroxide.

[0720] Alkylation of the hydroxy group to prepare the desired alkyl-linked ester (19) occurs by treatment of (18) with an appropriate alkylating agent, such as (X) (CH₂)_(n)B where B is CO₂PG, —PO₃PG or —SO₃PG, X is halo and PG is an acid protecting group, preferably methyl.

[0721] Partial reduction of the carbonyl in the glyoxamide (19) is achieved by treatment with a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride in methanol, preferably at temperatures of from 0°-20° C., to prepare the intermediate (20). The desired acid or acid salt (21) can be accomplished by treatment with a suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide.

[0722] Further reduction of intermediate (20) can be achieved by treatment with triethylsilane in a strong acid, such as trifluroacetic acid, under an inert gas, such as argon, to prepare (22) followed, again, by conversion to the acid or salt (23) with a strong base.

[0723] m) Naphthyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitors and the method of making them are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/091,077, filed Dec. 9, 1996 (titled, “Benzyl naphthalene sPLA₂ Inhibitors”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0724] The method of the invention is for treatment of a mammal, including a human, afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective a naphthyl acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitor represented by formula (Im)as follows:

[0725] wherein:

[0726] R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a non-interfering substituent with the proviso that at least one of R¹ and R² must be hydrogen;

[0727] R³ is hydrogen, —O(CH₂)_(n)Y,

[0728]  where n is from 2 to 4 and Y is —CO₂H, —PO₃H₂ or SO₃H; and

[0729] X is —O— or —CH₂—.

[0730] Compounds where X is oxygen can be prepared by the following Scheme I.

[0731] In the first step of the above reaction scheme, an appropriately substituted 1-bromo-4-methylnapthalene and an appropriately substituted phenol are dissolved in an aprotic polar solvent such as pyridine. The mixture is treated with an excess of potassium carbonate and an excess of copper-bronze and refluxed under a nitrogen blanket to produce (1).

[0732] Bromination of compound (1) to produce (2) is accomplished by refluxing (1) with a brominating agent, such as N-bromosuccinamide, in a non-polar alkyl halide solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride, using 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile as a catalyst.

[0733] Treatment of (2) with sodium cyanide produces (3). This reaction is best conducted in an aprotic polar solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while heating to a temperature of about 60° C.

[0734] Hydrolysis of the cyano compound (3) to produce the acid (4) is accomplished in two steps. Using a polar protic solvent, such as diethylene glycol as a cosolvent, the cyano compound (3) is treated with an alkali metal base, such as potassium hydroxide, and the mixture is heated to about 90-95° C. The resultant product is then reacted with a strong mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid.

[0735] Conversion of (4) to the desired naphthyl acetamide compound (5) is accomplished by another two-step process. First, the acid (4) is dissolved in an alkyl halide solvent such as methylene chloride. The acid/alkyl halide solution is chilled in an ice bath then treated with oxalyl chloride, using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a catalyst, to produce the acid chloride. The solution is allowed to warm to room temperature and then treated with ammonia gas at room temperature to produce (5).

[0736] The desired product (5) can be purified using standard recrystallization procedures in a suitable organic solvent, preferably methylene chloride/hexane.

[0737] Compounds where X is methylene can be prepared by the following Scheme II

[0738] Compound (1a) is prepared by a grignard reaction. The Grignard reagent starting material is prepared by reacting an appropriately substituted phenyl bromide with magnesium and ether. The reagent is then reacted with an appropriately substituted naphthyl nitrile and the resultant compound is hydrolyzed with an aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid to form the benzoyl napthyl (1a).

[0739] Reduction of (1a) is accomplished by treatment with a molar excess of a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. The reaction is initiated in an ice bath using a solvent-catalyst such as trifluoroacetic acid and then allowed to warm to room temperature as the reduction proceeds.

[0740] Chloromethylation of (2a) is achieved by treatment with an excess of formaldehyde and concentrated hydrochloric acid in a polar acidic solvent such as an acetic/phosphoric acid mixture. The reaction is best conducted at a temperature of about 90° C.

[0741] The nitrile 4(a) is prepared by a nucleophilic displacement of the chloride compound (3a) with cyanide. The reaction is conducted by refluxing (3a) with a slight molar excess in an aprotic polar solvent of sodium cyanide such as dimethylformamide (DMF) for about five hours, then allowing the reaction to continues while it cools to room temperature.

[0742] The desired naphthylamide (5a) is then prepared from the nitrile (4a) in a three-step process. To a solution of nitrile (4a), dissolved in an aprotic polar solvent such as DMSO, potassium carbonate is added to make the nitrile solution slightly basic. Hydrolysis of the nitrile is then achieved by treatment with an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. Crystallization of the naphthyl acetamide may be accomplished by adding water to the peroxide solution.

[0743] Compounds where R³ is other than hydrogen can be readily prepared by using a 1-bromo-4-methyl-napthalene with a protected phenol, such as a methoxy group, on the 6-position of the napthalene ring as a starting material. The process is conducted, as described above, to prepare compounds (1)-(3). Acid hydrolysis of the cyano group (3) and deprotection of the protected phenol can be accomplished by treating (3) with a 40% hydrogen bromide solution in acetic acid. The deprotected phenol can then be reacted to prepare the appropriate substituent at the 6-position of the napthyl ring. For example, preparation of compounds where R³ is —O(CH₂)_(n)COOH can be achieved by alkyalting the phenol with an appropriate alkyl halide followed by conversion to the acid by treatment with a base such as aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by dilute hydrochloric acid.

FORMULATIONS SUITABEL FOR USE IN THE METHOD OF THE INVENTION

[0744] The sPLA₂ inhibitors used in the method of the invention may be administered to treat non-rheumatoid arthritis by any means that produces contact of the active agent with the agent's site of action in the body of a mammal. They can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. The sPLA₂ inhibitors can be administered alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

[0745] Suitable formulations are those comprising a therapeutically effective amount of sPLA₂ inhibitor together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, the composition being adapted for the particular route of administration chosen. By “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the sPLA₂ inhibitor (“active compound”) in the formulation and not deleterious to the subject being treated.

[0746] For the pharmaceutical formulations any suitable carrier known in the art can be used. In such a formulation, the carrier may be a solid, liquid, or mixture of a solid and a liquid. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilisers, suspending agents, binders, tablet disintegrating agents and encapsulating material.

[0747] Tablets for oral administration may contain suitable excipients such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, together with disintegrating agents, such as maize, starch, or alginic acid, and/or binding agents, for example, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc. In tablets the sPLA₂ inhibitor is mixed with a carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain from about 1 to about 99 weight percent of the sPLA₂ inhibitor.

[0748] Sterile liquid form formulations include suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs. The active compound can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as sterile water, saline, dextrose solution, sterile organic solvent or a mixture of both.

[0749] The active compound can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, and suspensions. It can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms. It can also be administered by inhalation in the form of a nasal spray or lung inhaler. It can also be administered topically as an ointment, cream, gel, paste, lotion, solution, spray, aerosol, liposome, or patch. Dosage forms used to administer the active compound usually contain suitable carriers, diluents, preservatives, or other excipients, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in the field.

[0750] Gelatin capsules may be prepared containing the active compound and powdered carriers, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets and powders. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.

[0751] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.

[0752] For parenteral solutions, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration contain the active compound, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Anti-oxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid either alone or combined are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used are citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.

[0753] Topical ointments, creams, gels, and pastes contain with the active compound diluents such as waxes, paraffins, starch, polyethylene glycol, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, animal and vegetable fats, talc and zinc oxide or mixtures of these or other diluents.

[0754] Topical solutions and emulsions can, for example, contain with the active compound, customary diluents (with the exclusion of solvents having a molecular weight below 200 except in the presence of a surface-active agent), such as solvents, dissolving agents and emulsifiers; specific examples are water, ethanol, 2-propanol, ethyl carbonate, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol, oils, glycerol, and fatty acid esters of sorbitol or mixtures thereof. Compositions for topical dosing may also contain preservatives or anti-oxidizing agents.

[0755] Powders and sprays can contain along with the active compound, the usual diluents, such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate, and polyamide powders or mixtures of these materials. Aerosol sprays can contain the usual propellants. Liposomes can be made from such materials as animal or vegetable fats which will form lipid bilayers in which the active compound can be incorporated.

[0756] Formulations containing compounds of the invention may be administered through the skin by an appliance such as a transdermal patch. Patches can be made of a matrix such as polyacrylamide and a semipermeable membrane made from a suitable polymer to control the rate at which the material is delivered to the skin. Other suitable transdermal patch formulations and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,296,222 and 5,271,940, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Lipophilic prodrug derivatives of the sPLA₂ inhibitors are particularly well suited for transdermal absorption administration and delivery systems.

[0757] Formulations within the scope of this invention include the admixture of sPLA₂ inhibitor with a therapeutically effective amount of any of the co-agents as set out in the section “CO-AGENT—COMBINED THERAPY”, infra.

[0758] For all of the above formulations the preferred active compound are the 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compounds as previously described and methods of making as described in n U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). Preferred compounds within the general class of 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamides have been described in preceding sections of this specification.

PROPORTION AND WEIGHT OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS USED IN THE METHOD of the Invention

[0759] The 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compound may be used at a concentration of 0.1 to 99.9 weight percent of the formulation.

[0760] Preferably the pharmaceutical formulation is in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form can be a capsule or tablet itself, or the appropriate number of any of these. The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of composition may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 to about 1000 milligrams or more according to the particular treatment involved.

[0761] Compositions (dosage forms) suitable for internal administration contain from about 1 milligram to about 500 milligrams of active compound per unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active compound will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0762] Examples of useful pharmaceutical compositions and their proportions of ingredients are illustrated as follows:

[0763] Capsules: Capsules may be prepared by filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 50 mg of powdered active compound, 175 mg of lactose, 24 mg of talc, and 6 mg of magnesium stearate.

[0764] Soft Gelatin Capsules: A mixture of active compound in soybean oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 50 mg of the active compound. The capsules are washed in petroleum ether and dried.

[0765] Tablets: Tablets may be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 50 mg of active compound, 6 mg of magnesium stearate, 70 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg of cornstarch, and 225 mg of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.

[0766] Suspensions: An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 5 ml contain 25 mg of finely divided active compound, 200 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1.0 g of sorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 mg of vanillin.

[0767] Injectables: A parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active compound in 10% by volume propylene glycol and water. The solution is sterilized by commonly used techniques.

[0768] Nasal Spray: An aqueous solution is prepared such that each 1 ml contains 10 mg of active compound, 1.8 mg methylparaben, 0.2 mg propylparaben and 10 mg methylcellulose. The solution is dispensed into 1 ml vials. The active compound may be used at a concentration of 0.1 to 99.9 weight percent of the formulation.

THE PRACTICE OF THE METHOD OF THE INVENTION

[0769] The method of the invention may be practiced using pharmaceutical formulations containing sPLA₂ inhibitors (preferably, sPLA₂ inhibitors taught to be preferred in this specification) or formulations containing such sPLA₂ inhibitors as taught in the preceding section.

[0770] Treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis in a human may be therapeutic by administering an sPLA₂ inhibitor to treat an existing condition so as to mitigate the effects of that event. Alternatively, treatment of non-rheumatoid arthritis in a human may be prophylactic by administering an sPLA₂ inhibitor in anticipation of a worsening condition of non-rheumatoid arthritis, for example, in a patient whose occupation, lifestyle, or exposure to irritants will expectedly worsen an existing conditon of said non-rheumatoid arthritis. In some cases the underlying cause of the disease state will not be prevented or cured, but may be reduced in severity or extent and its symptoms ameliorated by administration of sPLA₂ inhibitors (and their formulations) using the method of the invention

[0771] The dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon known factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent, and its mode and route of administration; age, health, and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms, kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the effect desired. Usually a daily dosage of active compound can be about 0.1 to 200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Ordinarily 0.5 to 50, and preferably 1 to 25 milligrams per kilogram per day given in divided doses 1 to 6 times a day or in sustained release form is effective to obtain desired results.

[0772] In general, the sPLA₂ inhibitor will be administered to a mammal such as man so that a therapeutically effective amount is received. A therapeutically effective amount may coventionally be determined for an individual patient by administering the active compound in increasing doses and observing the effect on the patient, for example, reduction of symptoms associated with the particular non-rheumatoid arthritic condition. Generally, the compound must be administered in a manner and a dose to achieve in the human a blood level concentration of sPLA₂ inhibitor of from 10 to 3000 nanograms/ml, and preferably a concentration of 100 to 800 nanograms/ml.

[0773] For patients with acute or non-rheumatoid arthritis, the treatment regimen may stretch over many days to months or to years. Oral dosing is preferred for patient convenience and tolerance. With oral dosing, one to four oral doses per day, each from about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg of body weight with preferred doses being from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg.

[0774] Parenteral administration (intravenous or intraarticular) is often preferred in instances where rapid alleviation of patient distress is required. With parenteral administration doses of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg/day administered continuously or intermittently throughout the day may be used. For parenteral administation, the comound may be administered in a physiologic saline vehicle (e.g., 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% normal saline, etc.) a dextrose vehicle (e.g., 5% dextrose in water), or a combination of saline and dextrose vehicle (0.9% normal saline in 5% dextrose).

[0775] Inhalation therapy also may be useful either alone or as an adjunct to other routes of administration. With inhalation therapy, doses necessary to produce a decrease in the clinical symptoms of non-rheumatoid arthritis are readily determined and used.

[0776] In accordance with the present invention, non-rheumatoid arthritis, and especially osteoarthritis, is effectively treated by administering to the afflicted subject a therapeutically effective amount of sPLA₂ inhibitor. The administration of sPLA₂ inhibitor in accordance with the present invention can be accomplished either orally, topically, or parenterally. Depending upon the mode of application, various carriers can be employed to facilitate transport of the sPLA₂ inhibiror into the subject's body. For example, the sPLA₂ inhibotor can be administered orally or injected to the afflicted area or topically in a carrier which is absorbed through the skin such as dimethyl sulfoxide.

Co-Agent—Combined Therapy

[0777] The sPLA₂ inhibitor (viz., active compound in a formulation of the invention) can also be administered in the method of the invention in combination with another pharmacologically active agent. For example, osteoarthritis is characterized by pain in the afflicted joints. Consequently, it is also advantageous to administer the active compound together with an analgesic or other pain killer medication. Suitable co-agents as follows:

[0778] a. acetaminophen and ibuprofen

[0779] b. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (NSAIDSs) prostaglandins (e.g., choline magnesium salicylate, salicylsalicyclic acid).

[0780] c. corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisone, prednisone, cortisone).

[0781] Osteoarthritis is also characteriazed by over-activity of mitrix metalloproteinase enzymes. Therefore, it is also advantageous to practice the method of the invention by co-administering the sPLA₂ inhibitor with a mitrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.

[0782] It is also advantageous to practice the method of the invention by co-administering the sPLA₂ inhibitor with an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., anti-TNF molecules, TNF soluble receptors, and IL1RA.

TESTING METHODS FOR NON-RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

[0783] The diagnostic criteria for non-rheumatoid arthritis are those found in standard medical references (e.g., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, thirteenth ed., 1994, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., ISBN 0-07-032370-4). These criteria may be used to determine when to begin using the method of the invention, the frequency and degree of treatment, and the time for cessation of treatment. For osteoarthritis (OA) criteria are currently based on the clinical and obligatory radiographic signs (Altman, R. D., J. F. Fries, D. A. Bloch et al. 1987 Arthritis Rheum 30:1214-1225). Since the radiological diagnosis is usually based on a decreased joint space, it depends on actual destruction of joint cartilage and may be made late in the disease. In particular, for osteoarthritis:

[0784] Early Stag—

[0785] Characterized by deep aching pain in joints and pain with motion, morning stiffness of short duration and variable joint thickening and effusion.

[0786] Late Stage—

[0787] Characterized by deep aching pain in joints with predominance of pain at rest accentuated on weight bearing joints and joint instability.

[0788] Treatment by the method of the invention is aimed at relief of pain (at rest and with motion), relief of stiffness, effusions, prevention of bone damage, prevention of joint instability.

[0789] The time for initiating and ending treatment of a mammal using the method of the inveniton may be accomplished using the following Non-Rheumatoid Arthritis Assay Method.

[0790] The compounds of the invention may be evaluated by the following Assay Method using the (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index VA3.0 procedure as the primary indicator. This Assay Method is particularly applicable for acute and chronic treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and is also applicable for other non-rheumatoid arthritis disease state. When necessary, non-rheumatoid arthritis disease states other than osteoarthritis may be assayed using the applicable Secondary Clinical Trial Endpoints set out below.

[0791] Primary Clinical Trial Endpoint:

[0792] The primary clinical trial endpoint is the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index VA3.0. The VA3.0 indicates that the visual analog version of the WOMAC will be used rather than the Likert version. The WOMAC consists of 24 components (5 pain, 2 stiffness, 17 physical function). Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis (OA) Index VA3.0 Pain 1. Walking on a flat surface 2. Going up or down stairs 3. At night while in bed 4. Sitting or lying 5. Standing upright Stiffness 1. Morning stiffness 2. Gelling Physical Function 1. Descending stairs 10. Rising from bed 2. Ascending stairs 11. Taking off socks/stockings 3. Rising from sitting 12. Lying in bed 4. Standing 13. Getting in/out of bath 5. Bending to floor 14. Sitting 6. Walking on flat 15. Getting on/off toilet 7. Getting in/out of car 16. Heavy domestic duties 8. Going shopping 17. Light domestic duties 9. Putting on socks/stockings

[0793] References to be Used to Size the Study Are:

[0794] Bellamy N. J Rheum 19:153-, 1992. Voltaren vs. meclo

[0795] Bellamy N. J Rheum 20:999-, 1993.

[0796] Bellamy N. J Rheum 19:451-, 1992. Setting the delta for clinical trials.

[0797] Bellamy N. J Rheum 19:444-, 1992. Calculating sample sizes for clinical trials.

[0798] Bellamy N. WOMAC User's Guide.

[0799] Reference to be Used for Validation of WOMAC is:

[0800] Bellamy N. J Rheum 15:1833-1840, 1988

Validation Study of WOMAC

[0801] Secondary Clinical Trial Endpoints:

[0802] I. WOMAC 3.OVA pain subscale

[0803] II. WOMAC 3.OVA physical function subscale

[0804] III. Patient global assessment

[0805] IV. Physician global assessment

[0806] V. WOMAC 3.OVA stiffness subscale

[0807] VI. Joint tenderness score

[0808] VII. Lequesne index (Lequesne et al. Scand J Rheumatol 1987)

[0809] VIII. Flares

[0810] IX. Physical signs including knee range of motion

[0811] X. Pain on passive motion of knee

[0812] XI. Synovial effusion (graded either as 0, 1, 2 or 3 or absent/present)

[0813] XII. Time required to walk 50 feet (seconds)

[0814] XIII. Tablet count of rescue medications (e.g. acetaminophen)

[0815] XIV. Biologic markers

[0816] A. serum sPLA₂ enzyme activity

[0817] B. serum sPLA₂ enzyme concentration (as measured by immunoreactivity)

[0818] C. serum sPLA₂ inhibitor drug concentrations

[0819] D. C-reactive protein

[0820] E. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren method)

[0821] F. plasma levels of 11-deoxythromboxane B2

[0822] Baseline Information to be Collected for Hip Osteoarthritis

[0823] radiographic severity of osteoarthritis on bilateral hip and knee X-rays according to Kellgren Lawrence criteria Grade Criteria 0 normal I doubtful narrowing of joint space and possible osteophytic lipping II definite osteophytes and possible narrowing of joint space III moderate multiple osteophytes and definite narrowing of joint space IV large osteophytes, marked narrowing of joint space, severe sclerosis, and definite deformity of bony contour

[0824] joint space width at the narrowest point (mm) and osteophyte number and size on joint X-ray. A 1 mm deviation from a normal joint contour is an osteophyte.

[0825] joint groups involved

[0826] surgical procedures including arthroscopy

[0827] history of joint injury and joints involved

[0828] prior use of prescription medications including intra-articular agents (corticosteroids or hyaluronate). The patient will be provided with a list of possible medications.

[0829] physiotherapy including assistive devices (e.g., elevated toilet seat, tub seat, hand rails, elevating cushion for chair, pickup devices, sock puller)

[0830] Steinbrocker functional class (0, I, II, III or IV)

[0831] patient global assessment score

[0832] physician global assessment score

[0833] While the present invention has been illustrated above by certain specific embodiments, these are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as described in the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. A method for treatment of a mammal afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an sPLA₂ inhibitor.
 2. A method for treatment of a mammal to alleviate or prevent the pathological effects of the following types of non-rheumatoid arthritis (1-10):
 1. Osteoarthritis
 2. Gout
 3. Spondylarthropathris a. ankylosing spondylitis b. Reiter's syndrome c. Psoriatic arthropathy d. Enterapathric spondylitis e. Juvenile arthropathy or juvenile ankylosing spondylitis f. Reactive arthropathy
 4. Infectious or post-infectious arthritis a. Gonoccocal arthritis b. Tuberculous arthritis c. Viral arthritis d. Fungal arthritis e. Syphilitic arthritis f. Lyme disease
 5. Arthritis associated with “vasculitic syndromes” a. polyarteritis nodosa b. hypersensitivity vasculitis c. Luegenec's granulomatosis d. polymyalgin rheumatica e. joint cell arteritis
 6. Calcium crystal deposition arthropathris a. pseudo gout
 7. Non-articular rheumatism a. bursitis b. tenosynomitis c. epicondylitis (tennis elbow) d. carpal tunnel syndrome e. repetitive use injury (typing)
 8. Miscellaneous forms of arthritis a. neuropathic joint disease (charco and joint) b. hemarthrosis (hemarthrosic) c. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura d. hypertrophic osteoarthropathy e. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
 9. Arthritis associated with certain diseases a. surcoilosis b. hemochromatosis c. sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathries d. hyperlipo proteineimia e. hypogammaglobulinemia f. hyperparathyroidism g. acromegaly h familial Mediterranean fever i. Behat's Disease j. Systemic lupus erythrematosis k. hemophilia
 10. Relapsing polychondritis; wherein the method comprises administering to said mammal at least one sPLA₂ inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the sPLA₂ inhibitor is selected from 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamides, 1H-indole-3-hydrazides, 1H-indole-3-acetamides, 1H-indole-1-glyoxylamides, 1H-indole-1-hydrazides, 1H-indole-1-acetamides, indolizine-1-acetamides, indolizine-1-acetic acid hydrazides, indolizine-1-glyoxylamides, indene-1-acetamides, indene-1-acetic acid hydrazides, indene-1-glyoxylamides carbazoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles, pyrazoles, phenyl glyoxamides, pyrroles, naphthyl glyoxamides, or phenyl acetamides.
 4. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide of the invention represented by the formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or aliphatic ester prodrug derivative thereof;

wherein both X are oxygen; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of

where R¹⁰ is a radical independently selected from halo, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl) , and C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl and t is a number from 0 to 5; R₂ is selected from the group; halo, cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, and propyl; R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))— is an acid linker; provided, the acid linker group, —(L_(a))—, for R₄ is selected from the group consisting of;

and provided, the acid linker, —(L_(a))—, for R₅ is selected from group consisting of;

wherein R₈₄ and R₈₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₁₀ alkaryl, C₁-C₁₀ aralkyl, carboxy, carbalkoxy, and halo; and provided, that at least one of R₄ and R₅ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group) and wherein the (acidic group) on the group —(L_(a))-(acidic group) of R₄ or R₅ is selected from —CO₂H, —SO₃H, or —P(O)(OH)₂; R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected form hydrogen and non-interfering substituents, with the non-interfering substituents being selected from the group consisting of the following: C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₇-C₁₂ aralkyl, C₇-C₁₂ alkaryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, biphenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkynyloxy, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyalkyloxy, C₂-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkylcarbonylamino, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyamino, C₂-C₁₂ alkoxyaminocarbonyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₂-C₁₂ alkylthiocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, —C(O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)—O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), benzyloxy, phenoxy, phenylthio, —(CONHSO₂R), —CHO, amino, amidino, bromo, carbamyl, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H, chloro, cyano, cyanoguanidinyl, fluoro, guanidino, hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, hydroxy, hydroxyamino, iodo, nitro, phosphono, —SO₃H, thioacetal, thiocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ carbonyl; where n is from 1 to
 8. 5. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or a prodrug derivative thereof selected from the group consisting of compounds (A) through (P): (A) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (B) dl-2-[[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]propanoic acid, (C) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (D) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (E) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (F) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid (G) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[4(-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (H) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-[(1-naphthalenyl)methyl]-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (I) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (J) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-ethyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (K) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-ethyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (L) [[3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-propyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (M) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (N) [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)-2-cyclopropyl-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, (O) 4-[[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]oxy]butanoic acid, and (P) mixtures of (A) through (O).
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said sPLA₂ inhibitor is administered orally.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said sPLA₂ inhibitor is administered parenerally.
 8. A method for treatment of a human currently afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compound represented by the formulae:


9. A method for treatment of a mammal to alleviate or prevent the pathological effects of the following types of non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of [[3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid, methyl ester.
 10. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 wherein the administration is intravenous.
 11. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 wherein the administration is oral.
 12. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 wherein administration is in an amount of from 0.01 mg/kg/day to 100 mg/kg/day.
 13. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the compound and a suitable carrier or excipient therefor.
 14. Use of a an sPLA₂ inhibitor for the manufacture of a medicant for treating non-rheumatoid arthritis in a mammal, including a human, currently afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis.
 15. Use of 1 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide compound selected from compounds represented by the formulae

for the manufacture of a medicant for treating osteoporosis.
 16. A method for treatment of a human currently afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-3-acetic acid hydrazide represented by the formula† (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug derivative thereof;

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; R₁ is selected from groups (i), (ii) and (iii) where; (i) is C₄-C₂₀ alkyl, C₄-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₄-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₄-C₂₀ haloalkyl, C₄-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, or (ii) is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, carboxyl, amino, or hydroxyamino; (iii) is

where y is from 1 to 8, R₇₄ is, independently, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R₇₅ is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, nitro, phenyl, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, amino, hydroxyamino or a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; R₂ is halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, ethenyl, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, C₁-C₂ alkoxy, —CHO, —CN; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or any two adjacent hydrocarbyl groups in the set R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ combined with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6 membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring; or C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₄-C₈ cycloalkoxy, phenoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl, —SH, —CN, —S(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), arylthio, thioacetal, —C(O)O(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), hydrazino, hydrazido, —NH₂, —NO₂, —NR₈₂R₈₃, and —C(O)NR₈₂R₈₃, where, R₈₂ and R₈₃ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, or taken together with N, R₈₂ and R₈₃ form a 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; or a group having the formula;

where, each R₇₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxy, or both R₇₆ taken together are ═O; p is 1 to 8, Z is a bond, —O—, —N(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl)—, —NH, or —S—; and Q is —CON(R₈₂R₈₃), -5-tetrazolyl, —SO₃H,

where R₈₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, a metal, or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 17. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-3-acetamide sPLA₂ inhibitor represented by formula (IIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug derivative thereof,

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; R₁₁ is selected from groups (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) where; (i) is C₆-C₂₀ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₆-C₂₀ haloalkyl, C₄-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, or (ii) is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, nitro, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, carboxyl, amino, or hydroxyamino; or (iii) is —(CH₂)_(n)—(R₈₀), or —(NH)-(R₈₁), where n is 1 to 8, and R₈₀ is a group recited in (i), and R₈₁ is selected from a group recited in (i) or (ii); (iv) is

where R₈₇ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R₈₈ is selected from the group; phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, and biphenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, phenyl, nitro, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, hydroxyamino; or a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; R₁₂ is halo, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, or C₁-C₂ alkoxy; each R₁₃ is independently hydrogen, halo, or methyl; R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or any two adjacent hydrocarbyl groups in the set R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇, combine with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6 membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring; or C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₄-C₈ cycloalkoxy, phenoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl, —SH, —CN, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, arylthio, thioacetal, —C(O)O(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, —NH₂, —NO₂, —NR₈₂R₈₃, and —C(O)NR₈₂R₈₃, where, R₈₂ and R₈₃ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, or taken together with N, R₈₂ and R₈₃ form a 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring; or a group having the formula;

where, R_(ν)and R₈₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxy, or R₈₄ and R₈₅ taken together are ═O; p is 1 to 5, Z is a bond, —O—, —N(C₁-C₁₀ alkyl)—, —NH—, or —S—; and Q is —CON(R₈₂R₈₃), -5-tetrazolyl, —SO₃H,

where n is 1 to 8, R₈₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, a metal, or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R₉₉ is selected from hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 18. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a A 1H-indole-1-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Ic);

wherein for Formula (I); X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁ is independently hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl; R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 19. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a 1H-indole-1-hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIc);

wherein for formula (II); X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁ is independently hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl; R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituent; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 20. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-1-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Id);

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₁₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₁₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₁₇ and R₁₈ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and R₁₅ and R₁₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 21. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-1-acetic acid hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof where said compound is represented by the formula (IId);

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₁₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₁₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₁₇ and R₁₈ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and R₁₅ and R₁₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 22. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-1-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIId);

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₁₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected noninterfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or b); R₁₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₁₇ and R₁₈ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and R₁₅ and R₁₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 23. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-3-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IVd), as set out below:

wherein; X is selected from oxygen or sulfur; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R¹ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₅ and R₆ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 24. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-3-hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Vd), as set out below:

wherein; X is selected from oxygen or sulfur; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₁ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₅ and R₆ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 25. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indolizine-3-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (VId), as set out below:

wherein; X is selected from oxygen or sulfur; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₁ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₅ and R₆ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 26. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indene-1-acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (If);

wherein; X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 27. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indene-1-acetic acid hydrazide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIf);

wherein: X is oxygen or sulfur; each R₁ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or halo; R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 28. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an indene-1-glyoxylamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (IIIf);

where; X is oxygen or sulfur; R₃ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is C₇-C₂₀ alkyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₇-C₂₀ alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R₈₀; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms and where R₈₀ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R₂ is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄ cycloalkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), —S—(C₁-C₂ alkyl), or a non-interfering substituent having a total of 1 to 3 atoms other than hydrogen; R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); wherein —(L_(a))—, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 10; provided, that at least one of R₆ and R₇ must be the group, —(L_(a))-(acidic group); R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radical, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents.
 29. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (Ie)

wherein; A is phenyl or pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-position; one of B or D is nitrogen and the other is carbon; Z is cyclohexenyl, phenyl, pyridyl, wherein the nitrogen is at the 1-, 2-, or 3-position, or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position, and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position;

is a double or single bond; R²⁰ is selected from groups (a), (b) and (c) where; (a) is —(C₅-C₂₀)alkyl, —(C₅-C₂₀)alkenyl, (C₅-C₂₀)alkynyl, carbocyclic radicals, or heterocyclic radicals, or (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or (c) is the group —(L)—R⁸⁰; where, —(L)— is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms selected from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; wherein the combination of atoms in —(L)— are selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon and hydrogen only, (ii) one sulfur only, (iii) one oxygen only, (iv) one or two nitrogen and hydrogen only, (v) carbon, hydrogen, and one sulfur only, and (vi) and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only; and where R⁸⁰ is a group selected from (a) or (b); R²¹ is a non-interfering substituent; R1′ is —NHNH₂, —NH₂ or —CONH₂; R^(2′) is selected from the group consisting of —OH, and —O(CH₂)_(t)R^(5′) where R^(5′) is H, —CN, —NH₂, —CONH₂, —CONR⁹R¹⁰ —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃; phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO₂H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and —(L_(a))-(acidic group), wherein —(L_(a))— is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 7 and t is 1-5; R^(3′) is selected from non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radicals, carbocyclic radicals substituted with non-interfering substituents, heterocyclic radicals, and heterocyclic radicals substituted with non-interfering substituents; or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt thereof; provided that; when R^(3′) is H, R²⁰ is benzyl and m is 1 or 2; R^(2′) cannot be —O(CH₂)_(m)H; and provided that when D is nitrogen, the heteroatom of Z is selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position.
 30. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by the formula (IIe):

wherein; Z is cyclohexenyl, or phenyl; R²¹ is a non-interfering substituent; R¹ is —NHNH₂ or —NH₂; R² is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(CH₂)_(m)R⁵ where R⁵ is H, —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —CO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

 where R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently —OH or —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —SO₃H, —SO₃(C₁-C₄ alkyl), tetrazolyl, —CN, —NH₂, —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO₂H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl where m is 1-3; R³ is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —CONH₂, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or -phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8; R⁴ is H, —(C₅-C₁₄)alkyl, —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, pyridyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —CN, —(C₁-C₄)alkylthio, phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl, phenyl, phenoxy or naphthyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt, thereof.
 31. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, wherein the method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a carbazole compound are selected from those represented by the formula (XXX):

wherein: R¹ is —NHNH₂, or —NH₂; R² is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(CH₂)_(m)R⁵ where R⁵ is H, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

 where R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently —OH or —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —SO₃H, —SO₃(C1-C4 alkyl), tetrazolyl, —CN, —NH₂, —NHSO₂R¹⁵; —CONHSO₂R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —CF₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —CO₂H or —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl where m is 1-3; R³ is H, —O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl; phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, or —CF₃; —CH₂OSi(C₁-C₆)alkyl, furyl, thiophenyl, —(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl; or —(CH₂)_(n)R⁸ where R⁸ is H, —CONH₂, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —CN or phenyl where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or -phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 1 to 8; R⁴ is H, —(C₅-C₁₄)alkyl, —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, pyridyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —CN, —(C₁-C₄)alkylthio, phenyl(C1-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylphenyl, phenyl, phenoxy or naphthyl; A is phenyl or pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-position; Z is cyclohexenyl, phenyl, pyridyl wherein the nitrogen is at the 1-, 2- or 3-position or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur or oxygen at the 1-, 2- or 3-position and nitrogen at the 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-position, or wherein one carbon on the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with ═O; or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug derivative or salt thereof; provided that one of A or Z is a heterocyclic ring.
 32. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, wherein the method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the following: 9-benzyl-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide; 9-benzyl-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid sodium salt; [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxycarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; methyl [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-7-methoxycarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-cyanomethyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl-methyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-methyl-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-carbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; 9-benzyl-5-(2-methanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-4-(2-methanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-2-methoxycarbazole-5-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-4-(2-trifluoromethanesulfonamido)ethyloxy-2-methoxycarbazole-5-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-5-methanesulfonamidoylmethyloxy-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-4-methanesulfonamidoylmethyloxy-carbazole-5-carboxamide; [5-carbamoyl-2-pentyl-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(tri(-1-methylethyl)silyl)oxymethyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-2-phenyl-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid[5-carbamoyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-2-(2-furyl)-9-(phenylmethyl)carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(tri(-1-methylethyl)silyl)oxymethyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid, lithium salt; {9-[(phenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-Fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-benzylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(1-naphthyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-cyanophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2,3-difluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-Biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; the {9-[(2-Biphenyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; [9-Benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbaole-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; {9-[(2-Pyridyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; {9-[(3-Pyridyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl}oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-methylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-fluorocarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-8-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-benzyl-5-carbamoyl-1-chlorocarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-[(Cyclohexyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [9-[(Cyclopentyl)methyl]-5-carbamoylcarbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; 5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[[(propen-3-yl)oxy]methyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; [5-carbamoyl-9-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(propyloxy)methyl]carbazol-4-yl]oxyacetic acid; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((carboxamidomethyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-cyanomethyloxy-carbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl-methyl)oxy)-carbazole-4-carboxamide; 9-benzyl-7-methoxy-5-((carboxamidomethyl)oxy)-carbazole-4-carboxamide; and [9-Benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbaole-5-yl]oxyacetic acid (R,S)-(9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1-oxo-3-thia-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; (R,S)-(9-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1-oxo-3-thia-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; [N-benzyl-1-carbamoyl-1-aza-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-8-yl]oxyacetic acid; 4-methoxy-6-methoxycarbonyl-10-phenylmethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole; (4-carboxamido-9-phenylmethyl-4,5-dihydrothiopyrano[3,4-b]indol-5-yl)oxyacetic acid; 3,4-dihydro-4-carboxamidol-5-methoxy-9-phenylmethylpyrano[3,4-b]indole; 2-[(2,9 bis-benzyl-4-carbamoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolin-5-yl)oxy]acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable racemate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, prodrug, or salt thereof.
 33. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, wherein the method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by the formulae (Xe) or (XIe) below:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester prodrug derivative thereof.
 34. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (Ih):

wherein: R¹ is phenyl, isoquinolin-3-yl, pyrazinyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl substituted at the 4-position with —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxyl, —CN or —(CH₂)_(n)CONH₂ where n is 0-2; R² is phenyl; phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, halo, —NO₂, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —CF₃; naphthyl; thiophene or thiophene substituted with 1 to 3 halo groups; R³ is hydrogen; phenyl; phenyl(C₂-C₆)alkenyl; pyridyl; naphthyl; quinolinyl; (C₁-C₄)alkylthiazolyl; phenyl substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —CF₃, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenoxy and SR⁴ where R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or halophenyl; phenyl substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of —O(CH₂)_(p)R⁵ where p is 1 to 3 and R⁵ is —CN, —CO₂H, —CONH₂, or tetrazolyl, phenyl and —OR⁶ where R⁶ is cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, or phenyl substituted with halo or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy; or phenyl substituted with two substituents which, when taken together with the phenyl ring to which they are attached form a methylenedioxy ring; and m is 1 to 5; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 35. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (Ii):

wherein: X is —O— or —(CH₂)_(m)—, where m is 0 or 1; Y is —CO₂—, —PO₃—, —SO₃—; R is independently —H or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; R¹ and R² are each independently —H, halo or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; R³ and R⁴ are each independently —H, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, halo, phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo; n is 1-8; and p is 1 when Y is —CO₂— or —SO₃— and 1 or 2 when Y is —PO₃—; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 36. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I):

R¹ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, halo and phenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy or (C₁-C₄)alkylthio; R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen or when taken together are ═O; R⁵ is —NH₂ or —NHNH₂; R⁶ and R⁷ are each hydrogen or when one of R⁶ and R⁷ is hydrogen, the other is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ is —CO₂R¹¹, —PO₃(R¹¹)₂, —PO₄(R¹¹)₂ or —SO₃R¹¹ where R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl and n is 0 to 4; or R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, are ═O or ═S; X is R⁸(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R⁸(C₂-C₆)alkenyl or phenyl substituted at the ortho position with R⁸ where R⁸ is (CH₂)_(n)R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ is —CO₂R¹¹, —PO₃(R¹¹)₂, —PO₄(R¹¹) or —SO₃R¹¹, R¹¹ and n is 1 to 4 as defined above, and additionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, or two substituents which, when taken together with the phenyl ring to which they are attached, form a naphthyl group; and R⁹ is hydrogen or methyl or ethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 37. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a naphthyl glyoxamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Ik)

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a non-interfering substituent with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R² must be hydrogen; X is —CH₂— or —O—; and Y is (CH₂)_(n)Z where n is a number from 1-3 and Z is an acid group selected from the group consisting of CO₂H, —SO₃H or —PO(OH)₂.
 38. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound by the formula (Il):

wherein: R¹ is —H or —O(CH₂)_(n)Z; R² is —H or —OH; R³ and R⁴ are each independently —H, halo or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; One of R⁵ and R⁶ is —YR⁷ and the other is —H, where Y is —O— or —CH₂— and R⁷ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two halo groups; Z is —CO₂R, —PO₃R₂ or —SO₃R where R is —H or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and n is 1-8; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, racemate or optical isomer thereof; provided that when R⁶ is YR⁷, R¹ is hydrogen; and when R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are hydrogen and R⁵ is YR⁷ where Y is —O—, R⁷ cannot be phenyl; and when R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are hydrogen, R⁵ is YR⁷ where Y is CH₂, R⁷ cannot be phenyl substituted with one methoxy or two chloro groups.
 39. A method for treatment of a human afflicted with non-rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising administering to said human in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a naphthyl acetamide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; wherein said compound is represented by the formula (Im):

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a non-interfering substituent with the proviso that at least one of R¹ and R² must be hydrogen; R³ is hydrogen, —O(CH₂)_(n)Y,

 where n is from 2 to 4 and Y is —CO₂H, —PO₃H₂ or SO₃H; and X is —O— or —CH₂—.
 40. The method of claim 8 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 wherein the administration is intravenous.
 41. The method of claim 8 or 15, or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 wherein the administration is oral.
 42. The method of claim 8 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 wherein treatment is of a mammal afflicted with a non-rheumatoid arthritis and the inhibitor is administered in a therapeutically effective amount to achieve a human blood level inhibitor concentration of from 10 to 3000 nanograms/ml. 